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Empirical review on aggression
Effects of violence in sports
Two theories of aggression
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Recommended: Empirical review on aggression
Every time you open a newspaper or switch on the TV you are likely to be confronted by stories of controlled and uncontrolled aggression on the sports field, in our homes, in our neighborhoods and cities and countries across the world. Aggression seems to permeate our history and cultures. Human societies spend a lot of time trying to curb and control their citizens’ feelings of aggression to ensure social and governmental relationships function optimally in a peaceful and safe environment. At other times the flames of human aggression are fanned by the same societies in order to challenge opposing societies and ideologies. Yet in war, as in sport and other social arenas, rules have been established to govern and control the worst of aggressive human behavior and hostilities.
For thousands of years sporting competitions have been organized as a legitimate avenue for nations to compete aggressively but peacefully in a controlled environment for physical dominance
The ability to control aggression largely defines individual’s and societies’ success, on and off the field. Aggression is a highly controversial attitude that is commonly associated with physical violence. The act of aggression is used to assert power and control over others. Whilst viewed as a negative personal characteristic in most societies, aggression is a primal instinct and a trait that often transpires to success in a sporting environment. In sport it is essential that an athlete can hone and control their inner aggression in order to dominate the opposition. Controlled aggression is the mark of a successful player and a team’s ability to win.
Imagine a defensive back locking on to his target, scything through the field with lightning speed. The meters are sl...
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...sults such as debilitating injuries, death, incarceration and criminal records.
However aggression is not always met with aggression. In the case of bullies they often show aggression towards weaker targets that are not inclined to show aggression back. Many people are not inclined to respond to or with aggression choosing to avoid confrontation rather than put themselves at risk of injury or serious trouble.
Human beings’ primal instincts of aggression need to be, and can be, channeled for the purposes of good not evil. The discipline and teamwork of sport can be a great avenue for channeling and controlling adolescent and adult aggression into legitimate and more productive pathways, whilst also building fitness, teamwork and self-esteem. Uncontrolled aggression on the other hand on or off the sport’s field is never a good thing and not a quality to be admired.
As long as there have been sports, there has been violence in them. Ice hockey, particularly due to its increasing popularity as a professional sport, has brought up several ethical issues regarding the act of fighting in hockey. There are strong arguments for both sides of this present problem in the world of hockey. Numerous male athletes, including children as young as nine years of age, have suffered injuries as an outcome of fighting and it should be considered if it should be part of a sport that very young people grow up with (Brust, Leonard, Pheley & Roberts, 1992).On the other hand, fights create excitement and the sport of hockey might grow in terms of popularity, making the problem of fighting in hockey complex and difficult to resolve (“Towards An Explanation Of Hockey Violence: A Reference Other Approach”). Even though hockey is known to be a very aggressive and fast-paced sport, the unsportsman-like action of fighting in hockey cannot longer be tolerated.
Research guided by conflict theory generally falls into the following categories: 1) studies of how athletes become alienated from their own bodies; 2) studies of how sports can be used to coerce and control people; 3) studies of sports and the development of commercialism in society; 4) studies of sports and various forms of nationalism and militarism; and 5) studies of sports and racism and sexism. (Coakley, 1998) In the book, Meggyesy provided examples of each of these categories which occurred during his footba...
.In addition young athletes have become more aggressive. Kids that participate in competitive sports are becoming more and more aggressive and competitive the sports have become themselves. Mitchell reveals "traits like bullying and the need to dominate their oppo...
Coakley, J. J., & Donnelly, P. (2007). Violence in Sports . Sports in society: issues & controversies (9th ed., pp. 198-199). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Violence causes a great deal of suffering and harm in the world today and yesterday (Cross 2013). Peace and conflict researchers are undeniably justified in their selection of inter and intra-state violence as objects of study because the social context for both the performance and understanding of violence is of central importance (Cross 2013). However it is surprisingly rare to find a definition of violence (Moore 2003). Thus uncertainty prevails as to whether violence is limited to physical abuse or includes verbal and psychological abuse (Moore 2003). Agreeing with Moore (2003), Galtung (1969) said it is not important to arrive at a definition of violence because there are obliviously many types of violence. Violence is not
Bullies, who can be children and adults, can be physically violent towards others because they have seen domestic violence in the comfort of their own homes. According to Behavior Advisor, “Some believe that bullies learn their intimidation tactics from their parents/guardians, and are displaying behaviors that serve a function in their home environments” (“Bullying: Characteristics and Interventions”). Children watch a lot of adult activity and they have the drama embedded in their brain; thinking it is tolerable to be dominant towards others. In the same way, when children grow up, they still have a violent mindset when they become
players will seem indomitable and can cause opponents to be fearful of any move. Taking many risks and using aggression is a strategy that frequently works in acquiring power. Additionally, using defense is critic...
Verbal Aggression Verbal aggression is message behavior which attacks a person's self-concept in order to deliver psychological pain.(Infante, 1995) Studies of verbal aggression have focused primarily on children and adolescents in educational and social settings. Very few studies were found to examine verbal aggression in adults in the workplace.(Ebbesen, Duncan, Konecni, 1974) The consequences of verbal aggression in the workplace can lead to social isolation, job related stress, health related problems, as well as problems in career advancement. It therefore should be considered important, for the individual and management, to identify and address the causes of verbal aggression.
A high school student cried as she recounted being tormented in middle school by her classmates. For some reason she was targeted as a “dog,” and day after day she had to walk the halls with kids barking at her. How did it stop? The girl said she stopped it. But how? She picked out another girl, someone worse off than herself, and started to call her dog. Then the others forgot about her. Then they barked at the other girl instead. Girls may be made of sugar and spice and everything nice, but on the inside, they are just plain mean. “Girls tease, insult, threaten, gossip maliciously, and play cruel games with their friends’ feelings and set up exclusive cliques and hierarchies in high schools.” (Omaha World Herald, 10A).
Freud believes that aggression is a primal instinct, and civilization thwarts this instinct, making man unhappy. Civilized society controls man's tendency toward aggression through rules and laws and the presence of authority. These mechanisms are put in place to guarantee safety and happiness for all individuals in a society. However, the necessity of suppressing the aggressive drive in m...
...pes, Richard H. "War, sports, and aggression: An empirical test of two rival theories" American Anthropologist 1973, Vol. 75, p. 64-86
Why are we as aggressive and can we develop a way to reduce our ever increasing aggressive behavior? What this research paper is going to cover just might answer that. First we’re going to go over different types of aggression and the differences between them. Next will be the several theories about aggression. This will cover from a biological and genetic point of view to how our diet affects our behaviors in negative ways. We will even look into how our culture has an effect on our aggression levels. Last is what ways can we potentially reduce and manage our angry tendencies as well as control the ever rising aggressive behavior in our society.
... G. W., & Russell, A. M. (1984). Sports Penalties: An Alternative Means of Measuring Aggression. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 12(1), 69–74.
The researchers wanted to see “the relation of verbal aggressiveness and state anxiety (somatic, cognitive, and self-confidence)” between coaches and athletes in a sex-specific sport such as volleyball (Bekiari et al., 2006, p. 630). Results examining both sexes showed males have higher levels of somatic anxiety due to the verbal aggressiveness of their coaches compared to female volleyball players (Bekiari et al., 2006). These results could be due to the kind of training and competitiveness, but it still shows how the use of language can have different effects on athletes nonetheless. Additional research done by Julie Masterson, Lisa Davies, and Gerald Masterson showed that coaches should “use positive instruction rather than negative feedback” to encourage their athletes (2006, p. 41). This backs the ideas that verbal aggression is harmful and the research “consistently shows verbal aggression may be associated with negative outcomes and learned helplessness,” two aspects that can be seen in sports that are contributed to the language that is used (Bekiari et al., 2006, p.
In his book, Humphrey holds that sport creates a barrier between groups. Most people would agree with this assertion, as it is natural for avid supporters to have their own ‘cliques’. Without these cliques and barriers between supporters, no team would have an elite group of fans, as everyone would be supporting every team. However, these barriers could also lead to violence and aggression towards people on the other side of the ‘barrier’. Despite this, sport is able to eradicate these barriers.