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African American English
African American English
African American English
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Everyone has a form of communication. In the real world, there is no such thing as perfect accentless English. In life, people have their own accents. However, studies find that the Standard Varieties of English, British or Canadian English, are one of the examples of standard English. There are some nonstandard varieties of English as well in this world. For example, there are varieties such as Irish English, Scottish English, African American English, Newfoundland English, Southern American English, Caribbean English, South American English, Australian English, New Zealand English, and Pacific Creole English (https://www.uni-due.de/SVE/VE_Nonstandard_Features.htm.) As far as the concern about the convergence issues, linguistics wonder whether …show more content…
The AAVE regional variation was studied through the northern and the southern parts of the United States. The historical background of African American English started with the first Africans stepping onto the shores of North America (Tomasi, 2015). This allowed the AAVE for a closer study on whether the convergence or divergence of AAVE is from surrounding white dialects (Hinton & Pollock, 2000). Also, the study of African American English goes through the history of racism, segregation, and integration. Tomasi also states that grammar, vocabulary, and disclosure style of African American English is the linguistic result of the settlement, migration, and social experiences of the American descendants of slavery although it was unclear whether or not the African Americans were considered as slaves. The African Americans immigrated to North America not as they wanted to or were free to live as they wanted to. Tomasi mentions that the Africans who spoke different languages ended up moving from West Africa to areas in the Caribbean, North America, and South America. For the African slaves, they ended up isolated from each other and not to share the same languages from each other just so they do not cooperate with each other.
The presence of postvocalic /r/ was also researched in an AAVE speech community in Philadelphia in 1988 (Hinton & Pollock, 2000). It was
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For instance, the way SAE (Standard American English) is spoken from this particular sentence “My team is the best team (Justice, p. 260, 2004).” The way the African Americans speak is, “My team the best team (Justice, p. 260, 2004).” The word “is” was deleted from the sentence instead of a consonant from a word of how the African Americans speak. Another example of how SAE is spoken is, “California’s a big state (Justice, p. 260, 2004).” The way that AAE is spoken is “California a big state (Justice, p. 260, 2006)”. Ideally, when a consonant or a letter from a word is deleted makes the form of communication more difficult to encounter. Justice mentions for this kind of reduction are in the syntactic form; a verb being partially reduced as its degree of deletion (Justice, 2004). Another way of reduction is when a word from a sentence, that Justice mentions, gets reduced. For example, in AAE in a habitual way, as the sentence is said: “James be coming to school right now (Justice, p. 262, 2004).” In AAE in a habitual way, they say it, “James always be coming to school (Justice, p. 262, 2004).” Technically, the difference between those two sentences is when one of the words, “always”, was missing. This proves that it was how some African Americans would talk in English in their way of that
Smitherman is certainly qualified to address her colleagues about the treatment of “Black English” in academia, but with such a charged writing style it is possible that her audience would not make it to her conclusion. Smitherman assumes that the general base of her audience are “White English” speakers that can understand “Black English”. She also assumes that all African Americans speak the same way. These assumptions are her first major problem. At the time of this articles publication in 1973, it is conceivable that certain scholars would have ignored the piece because of its hybrid u...
It is apparent that there are many types of dialect within American English. The coexisting of two or more languages, either serving together in the same area or servicing different areas, is as old as language itself (Pei 106). This has happened throughout time and appears to be inevitable. It is impossible to believe an entire country could conform to one language, and then only one dialect of that language. Throughout history societies have survived for some time using different languages until these language barriers tore territories apart. It is apparent how, in America, barriers between dialects separate black men from white men even more than physical conditions.
For many years linguistics have treated AAVE as a slang because they didn't want to give African American slaves right to their own language. This all changes December 1996 when the “Oakland school board recognized AAVE as the primary language of its African American students, and take it into consideration to teach them standard english”(Monaghan 1997). Despite all the negative feedback that the Oakland school district has gotten from parents and the public, they didn't stop the process in finding materials to teach African Americans standard english so they can code switch between AAVE and standard
MacNeil, Robert, and William Cran. "Bad-Mouthing Black English." Do You Speak American? Orlando: Harcourt, 2005. 115-49. Print.
Speech is a very influenced africanism in America. A word commonly used today by all races in America is the word “okay”, a Mande and Wolf term that means “that’s it” (Holloway 57). Ebonics is often tied back to african roots of west african language. Both lack the sounds and final consonant clusters (e.g. past), and that replacing or simplifying these occurs both in US Ebonics and in West African English varieties spoken in Nigeria and Ghana. Moreover, they argue that the distinction made between completed actions ("He done walked") and habitual actions ("We be walkin") in the Ebonics tense-aspect system reflects their prevalence in West African language systems and that this applies to other aspects of Ebonics sentence structure.
For example, a lot of colloquialism was used when Aibileen, a character in The Help, said, “I reckon that’s the risk you run, letting somebody else raise you chilluns” (Stockett 2). Because African Americans were treated unequally, they were denied a good education just because they spoke very differently than white people. The speech of an African American was one of the many reasons why whites were racist towards them. Also, Aibileen used slang when she said, “Around Lunchtime, when my stories come on tee-vee, it gets quiet out in the carport” (22). An African American’s word choice may be considered colloquialism because they use a lot of slang in their daily language. Aibileen, from The Help, is one character that talks with a very uneducated mannerism. Overall, the way that an African American talks can decide on how a racist a white person was towards
Not all African Americans think it is important to code-switch in order to be accepted in society. Some in fact believe that it is a cop out, and accuse them of trying to “act white”. There are African American women in San Francisco who reuse to talk Standard English. They believe that individuals who code-switch and talk proper are trying to disassociate themselves from the black race, and act as though they are superior to other African Americans (Doss & Gross, 1994).
Another way to describe Ebonics is AAVE or African American Vernacular English. It is the “variety formerly known as Black English Vernacular or Vernacular Black English among sociolinguists, and commonly called
The African influence of American English can be found as far back as the Seventeenth century. Although its influence may have began that far back, the influence of African American slang has arguably reached its peak (so far) in the last half on the 20th century. Evidence of this can be seen in magazines, music, television, and films. Perhaps more importantly, evidence can be seen in the way that people of ethnic groups, other than African American, have changed their speech due to this influence. The Equal Rights Movement lead to a paradigm shift in African American linguistic consciousness due to Black intellectuals, scholars, activists, artists, and writers deliberately engaging in a search for a way to express Black identity and the particular circumstances of African American life. Although there had been strides in Black pride in the past, this was the first one to call for linguistic Black p...
African American Vernacular English (AAVE), also known as Ebonics or Black English, is the language spoken by many residents of the United States who are African American. The dialect is not one that is based in a certain region, like many dialects of English that exist in the United States, but rather is one that is culturally bound. This dialect of English varies quite markedly from that of the spoken standard in America. Because of this difference, many conflicts arise over the usage of AAVE by many Americans. One of the areas of greatest concern regarding AAVE is education. Many African American school districts and schools see low student performance. In fact, in the State of Michigan, of the 49 traditional high schools that are
In December of 1996, the Oakland school board recognized Ebonics or African American Vernacular English (AAVE) to be a legitimate language. Furthermore, Oakland proposed that students should be instructed in Ebonics in order to help transition into speaking and writing in Standard English. This resolution was met with controversy as the opposition views the language as “slang” or “broken English”. Although linguists disagree whether or not Ebonics is its own language or if it is a dialect of English, “All linguists, however, agree that Ebonics cannot correctly be called 'bad English ', 'slang ', 'street talk ', or any of the other labels that suggest that it is deficient or not a full-fledged linguistic system.” (Rubba, 1997) It is incredibly important for these students to become fluent in standard english as lack of fluency makes it incredibly difficult to succeed in modern American society. Without implementing an education program stressing transition from AAVE, these students will continue to achieve below average, and will never truly become comfortable using Standard English.
Language and dialects as unintelligent and not beautiful. Folk linguistics can be visible when comparing Standard English and African American language. Some individuals
The distinction between Black Vernacular English and Standard English, occurs at three levels of linguistics, however “AAVE is just like any other dialect of English; has its own innovations but remains strongly influenced by the standard” (Butters 60), this means that Black Vernacular has its own rules in the English language.
The Writing Centre, Centre for Teaching and Learning. "Consistency in Verb Usage." University of Toronto Scarborough. 26 3 2014.
In a sociolinguist perspective “the idea of a spoken standardized language is a hypothetical construct” (Lippi-Green, 2012, pp. 57). They are the form of Britain English and American English that are used in textbooks and on broadcasting. Giles and Coupland observe that “A standard variety is the one that is most often associated with high socioeconomic status, power and media usage in a particular community” (1991, p. 38). Both native speakers and learners of English, where English is taught as a second or foreign language (hereafter ESL/EFL), speak dialect of English in everyday conversation (Kachru, 2006, pp. 10-11; Owens 2012, p.