Admiralty Outline
Overview
Admiralty is federal law, originating in Article III, § 2 of Constitution.
i. First Congress included Cases of Admiralty/Maritime in Judiciary Act. ii. Supremacy Clause.
b. If say that case is admiralty/maritime case, governed by admiralty law, is to say that substantive admiralty law applies.
i. Differences: statute of limitations, comparative laws for recovery, etc.
a. Main: trial by judge. From very beginning, admiralty cases are w/o juries. May be why someone brings suit in admiralty – to avoid the jury. ii. Admiralty cases can’t be removed from state to federal courts.
a. but most admiralty cases can be brought in state courts unless qualify under diversity.
b. But federal admiralty law will be applied. iii. Jurisdiction arises under:
a. 28 USC 1331: federal question
b. 28 USC 1332: diversity
c. 28 USC 1333: admiralty & maritime. iv. BUT, Congress didn’t choose to enact substantive law in the statutes – left to courts.
v. Courts mainly address three issues:
a. what is an admiralty case?
b. if it is, what is the admiralty rule?
c. construing the savings to suitors clause – eg, what types of cases does Congress mean to say that we only want federal courts sitting in admiralty to have jurisdiction over?
Basics of Admiralty
Requires: Locality + maritime nexus
- Executive Jet decision.
- DeLovio v. Boit (1815): Maritime insurance policies are within admiralty & maritime jurisdiction of US b/c maritime contracts include charter parties, affreightments, marine bonds, Ks for repairing, supplying & navigating ships, Ks between part owners – etc – AND insurance.
Historical limitations:
- Could only sue in rem
- Forbade actions in personam vs. shipowner, master.
- Rules precluding admiralty court from hearing matters arising w/in body of the country.
- Forbidding admiralty jurisdiction where no influence of tide.
- Forbidding admiralty jurisdiction involving building or sale of ship.
- The Thomas Jefferson (SCOTUS, 1825): Action arising on Ohio to Missouri river is not in admiralty, because no influence of tide.
Great Lakes Act (1845): extends jurisdiction to G. Lakes. o Becomes almost superfluous after Genesee Chief, but – still allows saving to suitors the right of jury trial if wanted. o Possible to have an equal protection argument – why in GL, but not other inland navigable waters. But no caselaw.
The Genesee Chief v. Fitzhugh (SCOTUS, 1851): overrules the TJ. Holds that GL Act is Constitutional. o Lakes are inland seas o Hostile fleets have been encountered on them, prizes made, reason to have admiralty jurisdiction. o Nothing particular in the tide that makes waters suitable for admiralty. o Limiting admiralty in country with so many inland navigable waters is impracticable.
Cowhey’s uses a quote from the Dalai Lama that perfectly explains the difference between wanting a classroom with a Multicultural Education and actually having one. “Its not enough to be compassionate. You must act”. This book showed me that it takes more than understanding what Multicultural Education looks like, but how persistent you must be to achieve this type of education. Cowhey’s book is relevant to educators and the general public because it can inspire individuals from all walks of life to teach children how to be compassionate, empathetic, activists, critical thinkers, and so much more than what is usually expected of them. This book is relevant to my teaching practices because it made me realize how much more teaching is. Teaching is more than creating and implementing lessons, but so much more in
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1. The court stated that they did have power to hear this case: "Since the court has consistently exercised the power to construe and delineate claims arising under express powers, it must follow that the Court has authority to interpret claims with respect to powers alleged to derive from enumerated powers."
Duvall, John N. The Identifying Fictions of Toni Morrison: Modernity, Authenticity and Postmodern Blackness. New York: Palgrave, 2000. Print.
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A V Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (10th ed 1964) 40.
Morrison, Toni. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. Cambridge. Harvard University Press, 1992.
Hall, Kermit L, eds. The Oxford guide to United States Supreme Court decisions New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
all judiciary cases in which any fact is involved,) or may they act by representatives, freely and
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