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Freud and Rogers in modern psychology
Maslow's hierarchy of needs analysis
Maslow's hierarchy of needs analysis
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Person-Situations Interactions Two proponents most noted for humanistic approaches to personality are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Both the Person-Centered Theory (Rogers) and the Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow) considered that humans ' true nature was good and that each has the potential for growth. A comparison of the two approaches demonstrates a compatibility between theory and practice. Furthermore, each approach focuses on individual choices and rejects the theory that biology will determine human potential. Compare person-centered theory with Maslow 's hierarchy of needs. The hierarchy of needs and person-centered theory share humanistic psychology’s approach toward the person. In the Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs, humans satisfy …show more content…
According to Maslow, a person must achieve each level before they can move onto the next. If all levels are not met then, they will not achieve self-actualization. If someone did not have their physiological needs met their personality could be affected and cause particular neuroses (Cloninger, 2013). An example would be if they were without food they could then become obsessed and begin to hoard food. Safety is the next level of Maslow 's hierarchy. When a person 's need to feel safe is not met they can be untrusting of new individuals or situations. The inability to trust can affect relationships, both personal and professional because of their guarded personality trait (Cloninger, 2013). Lack of self-esteem can be a result of little recognition or approval. The person’s lack of self-esteem may affect their personality in a way that the person is timid and shy. A person may be fearful of new experiences because they do not believe they will be successful. Feelings of low self-esteem will inhibit them from achieving the level of self-actualization, which includes morality, creativity, problem solving and acceptance of facts (Cloninger, 2013). The main components of person-centered theory that contribute to personality …show more content…
Roger’s believed that our self-worth develops from interactions with our parents during childhood. A person 's self-worth will affect relationships with friends, partners, or work (McLeod, 2007). Roger’s believed that we need to feel positively regarded by others. Positive regard is how we are judged and viewed by others. Unconditional positive regard is when a person feels free to make choices and mistakes without fear of losing the positive regard. Conditional positive regard is when a person feels they will only be regarded positively when they act or behave in the way a parent or another person believes is appropriate. If a person seeks approval regularly, then, according to Rogers they likely only received conditional positive regard (McLeod, 2007). The closer ideal self and the real self are to each other the higher a person’s sense of self-worth. Our ideal self is who we wish to be, and the real self is who we are. When there is an imbalance between who we want to be and who we are, a person can develop defense mechanisms to try to alter the real self (McLeod,
The humanistic theory ties into the humanistic perspective. This was first thought of my Abraham Maslow. Unlike the behaviorists, humanistic psychologists believe that humans are not solely the product of their environment. Rather humanistic psychologists study human meanings, understandings, and experiences involved in growing, teaching, and learning. They emphasize characteristics that are shared by all human beings such as love, grief, caring, and self-worth. Humanistic psychologists study how people are influenced by their self-perceptions and the personal meanings attached to their experiences. Humanistic psychologists are not primarily concerned with instinctual drives, responses to external stimuli, or past experiences. Rather, they consider conscious choices, responses to internal needs, and current circumstances to be important in shaping human
Alderfer, C. (1969). An Empirical Test of a New Theory of Human Needs. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, vol. 4, pp. 142 - 175.
Abraham Maslow once stated in his theory "when the need of personality is broken, it creates personality disorder". He meant that, when we are in a situation where we completely lose hope and unable to accomplish certain needs to survive, it causes one 's to move up and down on the ladder of his theory. Maslow began his theory during his studies on monkeys. Being a behavior scientist, he knew that these monkeys had a similar reacting to certain situations that cause them to lack in certain needs they try to accomplish for their survival. But when they are motivated by something or someone else, it encourages them to fulfill the needs they 're lacking. Maslow 's theory consisted
While Freud took a psychoanalytic perspective, psychologists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rodgers saw a humanistic perspective on personality. Maslow believed that motive of personality was that human intentions formed a hierarchy of needs. This meant that when basic needs were fulfilled, people would strive toward a state of self-peace and tranquility, knowing that their basic needs were met. Rodgers believed similarly to Maslow. He believed that people were essentially good. He believed that extending a positive and open environment to another person led to unconditional positive regard, which is an attitude of complete acceptance towards a person.
Unlike many of his colleagues at the time who were focusing on psychopathology, or what is wrong with individuals, he focused on how individuals are motivated to fulfill their potential and what needs govern their respective behaviors (McLeod)). Maslow developed the hierarchy over time, adjusting from a rigid structure where needs must be met before being able to achieve a higher level, to where the individuals can experience and behave in ways across the hierarchy multiple times daily depending on their needs. The hierarchy is comprised of 5 levels; Physiological, Safety and Security, Love and Belonging, Esteem, and Self-Actualization. The bottom two levels are considered basic needs, or deficiency needs because once the needs are met they cease to be a driving factor, unlike psychological needs. Loving and Belonging and Esteem needs are considered psychological needs, and are different from basic needs because they don’t stem from a lack of something, but rather the desire to grow. Maslow theorizes that individual’s decisions and behavior are determined based on their current level of needs, and the ideal level to achieve full potential culminates in self-actualization; however, operating on this level cannot be achieved until the preceding levels of needs have been
Individual’s “possess inner needs and are motivated by the desire to fulfill these needs” (Phillips & Gully, 2014). Abraham Maslow, and Clay Alderfer offer two separate models that explore the needs of individuals. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs contests that people have five levels of needs which they progress. Alderfer suggests there are three groups of individual needs and he views his model more as a continuum rather than a hierarchy. (Phillips & Gully, 2014) The lowest level on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs depicts an individual’s basic physiological needs for food, water, and comfort. This need runs parallel to Alderfer’s existence needs that describes an individual’s desire for physical and material well-being. The second level on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is safety and security needs such as ones desire for health, and job security. The third level on Maslow’s hierarchy is social needs for friendship and belonging which coordinates to Alderfer’s relatedness needs; desires for respect and relationships with others. The fourth level on Maslow’s hierarchy is self-esteem needs for self-respect and respect for others. The last and highest level on Maslow’s hierarchy is self-actualization needs which include self-fulfillment and the realization of one’s full potential. Alderfer’s growth needs which describe ones desire to make useful and productive contributions coincides with Maslow’s self-actualization needs. (Phillips
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a theory that includes a five level pyramid of basic human
Abraham Maslow wrote the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. This theory was based on fulfilling five basic needs: physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization. Maslow believed that these needs could create internal pressures that could influence the behavior of a person. (Robbins, p.204)
Maslow’s theory of hierarchy of needs is similar to Piaget, but not the same. Maslow felt that people are automa...
These theories are more optimistic about human nature than Freud's theory. One of the humanistic theories is Maslow's theory. Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs that motivates human behavior. The highest need is self-actualization. Self actualizers accurately perceive reality and quickly spot dishonest, tend to be internally driven, autonomous, and independent, and frequently have peak experiences (experiences of deep meaning, insight, and harmony within themselves and with the universe). Another theory is the Rogers's theory. According to Rogers, our parents set up conditions of worth. These conditions force us to live according to someone else's values. Person-centered therapy enables people to live by their own values instead of the values of others. To achieve this, the therapist must give the client unconditional positive
Abraham Maslow was a psychologist who was not satisfied with the way things had always been done and he did not like the way other psychologists viewed people. He believed that individuals have great potential and thought that there had to be more to humans than simply rewards, punishments, and subconscious urges. To Maslow, people were full of positive potential. He developed humanistic psychology, which focuses on the potential of people to become all that they can be. Other psychologists helped develop different elements in humanistic psychology, but Maslow is largely considered to be the father of the humanist movement in psychology. Weiten (2013) mentioned that Maslow argued that humans have an innate drive towards personal growth that is, evolution toward a higher state of being (p. 377). Maslow wanted to understand what motivates an individual, believing that individuals possess a motivational system unrelated to rewards or unconscious desires. Maslow (1943) stated that people are motivated to attain certain needs. When one need is fulfilled, an individual seeks to fulfill the next one. Maslow 's greatest
One of the similarities of the theories, they both believed for someone to arrive at a particular place in life that certain criteria must be met before they have the capacity to develop, succeed, or become something in life. Also, another similarity is that both theories view people as focusing on suitable things rather than the bad, stressing on their inner qualities and natural ability to grow (Didius, 2014). Nevertheless, the both beliefs have differing opinions in self-actualization. The Maslow theory indicates one event that is followed by another event and can be only achieved if the levels beneath meet its conditions. While Roger’s theory the person-centered relates to therapeutic approach of people and tends to focus on the individual itself. Roger’s theory allows the individual to reflect on themselves, therefore being in a position to develop and improve on their
Both Rogers and Maslow believed in a humanistic approach to therapy, but each had their own take on it (McLeod, 2007). Maslow was an optimist in a vocation that tended to focus on the negative aspects of human behavior. By extensively studying people who were happy and seemed to be fulfilling their potential, he was able to determine what he thought were key needs for every human being. He conceived the Hierarchy of Needs and believed that humans possess a limitless potential for
Abraham Maslow arranged human needs into a hierarchy of five needs, starting with the most important needs which are physiological needs such as, hunger, thirst, and warmth. He then went all the way up to the least important which is self-actualization that is known as the fulfillment of unique potentials. His hierarchy of needs is depicted in a pyramidal form with the most important needs at the bottom as a base and the least important towards the top. According to Maslow, self-actualization is becoming what we believe we are capable of being he also believed that self -actualization is as important as physiological needs. Many people desire to reach self-actualization because
Abraham Manslow, a humanist, developed a hierarchy of needs focused on the study of healthy people and development. Manslow’s theory focused on the development of an individual according to the needs that must be met. An individual has lower level and upper level needs that must be met at each level before the next level is reached on the way to self-actualization; however, if the person does not meet the needs anxiety occurs. The needs must be addressed in a practical manner for self-actualization to be achieved. The humanistic view of personality is based on the belief that an accurate observation of self and the ability reach needs in different stages of development result in self-actualization (Pettijohn, n.d.).