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Mezirow model of transformative learning
Essays on transformative learning theory
Essays on transformative learning theory
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First introduced by Mezirow in 1978 (Taylor, 2008), transformative learning theory burgeoned into one of the most studied, most talked about, and most debated theories of education (Taylor, 2007). Mezirow’s psychocritical view, though largely uncontested in the past, has now produced a panoply of alternative views including, the phychoanalytic, the psychodevelopmental, the social emancipatory, the neurobiological, the cultural-spiritual, the race-centric, and the planetary views (Taylor, 2008).
Meaning
What is transformative learning? Mezirow’s original study in 1978 concluded that perspective transformation was the primary learning process in the women Mezirow studied (Mezirow, 2000). Transformative learning theory is distinctively adult
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(1996). Contemporary paradigms of learning. Adult Education Quarterly, 46, 158-172. doi: 10.1177/07417136904600303
Mezirow, J. (2000). Preface. In J. Mezirow & E. Taylor (Eds.). Learning as transformation: Critical perspectives on a theory in progress. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Robertson, D. L. (1996). Facilitating transformative learning: Attending to the dynamics of the educational helping relationship. Adult Education Quarterly, 47, 41-52. doi: 10.1177/074171369604700104
Taylor, E. W. (2001). Transformative learning theory: A neurobiological perspective of the role of emotions and unconscious ways of knowing. International Journal of Lifelong Education 20(3), 218-236. doi: 10.1080/02601370110036064
Taylor, E. W. (2003). Attending graduate school in adult education and the impact on teaching beliefs: A longitudinal study. Journal of Transformative Education, 1, 349-367. doi: 10.1177/1541344603257239
Taylor, E. W. (2007). An update of transformative learning theory: A critical review of the empirical research (1999–2005). International Journal of Lifelong Education, 26(2), 173–191. doi: 10.1080/02601370701219475
Taylor, E. W. (2008). Transformative learning theory. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 119, 5-15. doi:
Feist, G. J., & Rosenberg, E. L. (2012). Learning. In Psychology: Perspectives & connections (2nd ed., p. 310). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Matsumoto, D., & Juang, L. (2013). Culture and Psychology (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
Then, as usual, they share they knowledge with others in an accurate way by analyzing carefully and with maturity what they have learned (socialize). Finally, having a new perspective of the situations creates changes in some aspects and then is when the transformation occurs. Marmon endorses the ideas of Mezirow’s article, Learning as transformation, to explain the three levels of transformation: “Meanings; premises, assumption, or habits of mind, and meaning perspectives”. She also agrees with him that when an adult embraces a new way of recognizing the world he or she has experienced a Transformative
There are various teaching perspectives used by educators such as the nurturing perspective and the social reform perspective. The social reform perspective is effective for adult learners as it involved the transformational learning as well as a critical reflection (Nesbit, 2005). The perspective depends on experiences that help transform the beliefs of an individual from old ways of understanding to new perspectives. The purpose of adult education mainly focuses of providing learning experiences that help them achieve a certain goal. Therefore, the transformational phases differ depending on the individual objectives or achievements. The perspectives also help in critical thinking and reflection that supports the transformational learning
This essay is to consider and discuss how I might apply the theories of Malcolm Knowles, in my own current or future training work. The essay will include a brief biography on Malcolm Knowles, and his theory on adult education / learning andragogy, to include definitions of andragogy and pedagogy, which has been the mainstay of all education theory for hundreds of years.
Hiemstra, R., & Sisco, B. (1990). Moving from pedagogy to andragogy. Foundations of Adult Education: Critical and Contemporary Issues, Retrieved from http://www-distance.syr.edu/literature.html
One theorist that is relevant to this study is Malcolm Knowles’s theory of adult learning. Though Malcom Knowles may not be the first one to introduce adult learning, he was the one that introduced andragogy in North America. (McEwen and Wills 2014). Andragogy means adult learning. The core concept of Knowles’s Adult learning theory is to create a learning environment or awareness for adults to understand why they learn .Knowles developed six main assumptions of adult learners. Those assumptions are the need to know, self- concept, experience, readiness to learn, orientation to learning and motivation. (McEwen and Wills, 2014)
Schunk, D. H. (2000) Learning theories. An educational perspective. (3rd ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
The facilitation of this model allows adult learners to be active and self-directed in their learning.
The similarities in the theories, including the development perspective and dialectical approach, are very complex and focus upon the fundamentals of each theory. The differences in each theory make them very unique, including the autonomous and heteronomous approaches for each respective theory. The four cognitive stages of Piaget’s theory, including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations, provide a clear, effective progression of an individual’s development path from infancy to adulthood. This is very unique to Piaget’s theory and is utilized immensely in academic studies of psychology. The fundamental aspects of Vygotsky’s theory, including cultural and historical factors contributing to the individual’s development is also very unique and is regularly utilized in academic studies. Without the research that each theorist conducted and presented, the psychology studies that we know today would not be the same. The work of both respective theorists will continue to be utilized in academia and in psychology for many years to
The theory of transformative learning that has been developed by Mezirow during the past 2 decades has evolved "into a comprehensive and complex description of how learners construe, validate, and reformulate the meaning of their experience" (Cranton 1994, p. 22). Centrality of experience, critical reflection, and rational discourse are three common themes in Mezirows theory (Taylor 1998), which is based on psychoanalytic theory (Boyd and Myers 1988) and critical social theory (Scott 1997).
From the article, Does pedagogy still rule?” it was crucial for one to understand that one cannot consider any learning approaches in isolation of the context or superior to the other. Educators should be aware that a new epoch has begun as new and unorthodox methods of learning and teaching become visible. There need to be a balance between delivering knowledge, while also taking into account the interest and experiences of the adult learners. Adult learners study the process of drawing conclusions. Marisha Mc Auliffe, Doug Hargreaves, Abigail Winter and Dr. Gary Chadwick realized that by following different methods and routes, they could come to different conclusions and also acknowledge the fact that their own assumptions play a role and can be changed by the process of learning. Ultimately, adult learners and professors will acquire the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to optimally adapt principles of pedagogy, Andragogy, and heutagogy to create teaching methods and techniques to facilitate the “process of learning irrespective of the process of content.”These blended approaches ...
Teaching the adult student is a great and unique responsibility; Andragogy preaches that teaching the adult learner takes a certain skill set and approach in order to be highly effective. The adult teaching theory and approach is based off the characteristics of the adult student. Andragogy views the adult learner as a very highly motivated student, a student ready and prepared to learn, and a student that comes to class with expectations of learning (Knowles 1984, pg12). With such a capable learner in the classroom the teacher must make the necessary adjustments. When teaching the adult learner, the teacher will have respect for their students and respect the fact that each student will have their own individual learning style. The teacher will also allow the adult student to experie...
One hundred years ago, Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a young man developing new insights about learning. He was one of a handful of constructivist-minded writers and educational theorists of the time. Learning theories open educators up to new ideas. They are necessary to expand our knowledge of how learning works. Piaget’s work is a well-tested and educators around the world should be aware of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive development in particular because it will improve the quality of their teaching. Once a teacher knows this theory, they can plan lessons appropriate to their students’ cognitive ability and build upon students’ earlier knowledge in a constructivist way.
From readings and life experiences, I have become cognizant that transformation is both internal and external and often about positive outcomes, as noted by Gleason,