Numerous studies have been conducted that indicate mothers with depression prior to birth and after birth can affect infant development. These include cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional aspects. This paper will be examining two articles with similar methodologies and various responses displayed in the participants. Both articles take on similar approaches; however, one article examines how less-competent mothers with depression, negatively influences child behavior and the latter takes on the approach that maternal depression is a psychological response to economic pressures leading to negative responses to a child (Newland, Crnic, Cox & Mills-Koonce, 2013, p. 96). Wang and Dix (2013) examine the levels of depression and differences of behavior in depressed mothers and how this further influences a child’s development. This article found that children with depressed mothers that are highly competent and are able to do tasks efficiently and successfully may develop just as well as children with non-depressed mothers (Wang and Dix., 2013, p. 893). Alternatively, another article examines a variety of maternal psychological symptoms arising from early economic pressures and later parenting behaviors (Newland et al., 2013, p. 96). Furthermore, Newland et al. (2013) suggests that as a result of lower socioeconomic status, both depression and anxiety play a negative role in parenting behaviors (p. 96). Overall, this study suggests that economic hardships and pressures have an indirect influence on parents’ caregiving.
Methodologies Used
Both studies consisted of mother-child interaction conducted at four different time intervals within a three-year period (birth to age three); however, their participants were gathered from ...
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... effects of early child development. As the methodologies are both similar, extending and observing the study with the longitudinal group to later childhood and adolescence would provide a relevant picture of overall childhood development. As both articles suggest that the first three years of life are critical for development, there may be areas where the child could potentially benefit in later years (that they lacked in the first three years), regardless of maternal depression or other psychological responses. I would include doing follow-ups once every year thereafter (till the end of adolescence). These follow-ups would include observing mother-child interaction and working on age appropriate tasks up until adolescence. From this, we can observe the broader effects of maternal depression on the cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional aspects of a child.
Pregnancies are often correlated with the assumption that it will bring happiness to the household and ignite feelings of love between the couple. What remains invisible is how the new responsibilities of caring and communicating with the baby affects the mother; and thus, many women experience a temporary clinical depression after giving birth which is called postpartum depression (commonly known as postnatal depression) (Aktaş & Terzioğlu, 2013).
Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s story, The Yellow Wallpaper, portrays the life and mind of a woman suffering from post-partum depression in the late eighteenth century. Gilman uses setting to strengthen the impact of her story by allowing the distant country mansion symbolize the loneliness of her narrator, Jane. Gilman also uses flat characters to enhance the depth of Jane’s thoughts; however, Gilman’s use of narrative technique impacts her story the most. In The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses interior monologue to add impact to Jane’s progression into insanity, to add insight into the relationships in the story, and to increase the depth of Jane’s connection with the yellow wallpaper it self.
Natsuaki, M., Ge, X., Leve LD, N. J., Shaw, D. S., RD, C., LV, S., . . . D, R. (n.d.). Maternal Depression: The Roles of Maternal Depression and Parental Responsiveness. National Institute of Health.
Having a child can be the happiest moment of a person’s life. A sweet little baby usually gives new parents tremendous joy. That joy can be accompanied with anxiety about the baby and the responsibility the new parents are faced with. The anxiety, in most cases, fades and joy is what remains. For some new mothers, however, the joy is replaced with a condition known as postpartum depression. “Postpartum depression is a serious disorder that until recently was not discussed in public…Women did not recognize their symptoms as those of depression, nor did they discuss their thoughts and fears regarding their symptoms” (Wolf, 2010). As such, postpartum depression is now recognized as a disorder harmful to both mother and infant, but, with early detection, is highly treatable with the use of psychotherapy, antidepressants, breastfeeding, and other natural remedies, including exercise.
The Effects of Education on Postpartum Depression Outcomes: A Literature Review Postpartum depression (PPD) is a period of depression that follows childbirth and lasts more than two weeks. It is experienced by up to 15% of women in the first three postpartum months (Camp, 2013). PPD is well represented by all ages, races, and cultures. The causes of PPD are currently unknown. There are many factors that place patients at a higher risk of developing PPD.
"Maternal Depression Can Undermine the Development of Young Children." Center on the Developing Child. Harvard University, 2009. Web. 04 Apr. 2014.
PPD is sometimes known as Postpartum disorder or Postpartum depression; affects roughly. 9 to 80% of women after childbirth. PPD can normally arise within four weeks after giving. birth and it can even happen subsequently, much later in the same year. Men were also found.
Infant attachment is the first relationship that occurs between infants and their mothers or other primary caregivers (Craig & Dunn, 2010). The mother-infant attachment begins at birth and is considered by a group of...
The attachment style that a child endures with their mother initially begins before the child is even born. In the mother’s womb, the infant becomes aware of their mother and father’s voices, where they begin to develop a bond with them and feel nurtured and comforted by the things they hear their parents sing and speak to them. According to Bowlby, the development of attachment takes place in four different phases and are reinforced as they grow older from the Preattachment (birth to age 6 weeks), attachment-in-the-making (age 6 weeks to 8 months), clear cut attachment (between 8 months to 1 ½ years of age) and the reciprocal relationship (from 1 ½ or 2 and on). As the child grows older, then begin to understand their parent’s feelings and motives and are able to organize their efforts and reciprocate the same i...
Maternal and paternal systems enrich a child and contribute extensively to the child’s emotional well-being. There is a large body of research that links early life experiences and relationships as being crucial to our lifelong capacity to engage in healthy relationships, enjoy basic physical health and avoid mental health risks.
Summary Michael Yapko (2009), in his article “Secondhand Blues,” considers depression as a social condition, thereby allowing it to spread from depressed individuals to any and all of the important people in their life. Considering this, Yapko’s main subjects within the article are depressed parents, focusing on the effect they have on their children, and depressed individuals and the effect they have on their partners or spouses. There are a few central themes through these subject groups, such as infectiously negative worldviews, self-blame or persecutory thinking, and feelings of hopelessness, as naturally common with depression. Even from birth, parental depression can affect children. Yapko states “that the apathy and withdrawal of mothers
The foundations for a child’s development begins not only in the child’s first year, but also while they are in utero. A child’s development can also be influenced by how much the parents are contributing to the development of the child. A couple that interacts well with one another as well as with the child can have “positive impacts on a child’s cognitive, language and motor development, this can also positively benefit the couple relationship, and the parent-infant relationship,” (Parfitt, Pike, & Ayers, 2013). A parent’s especially a mother’s mental health can greatly impact a child’s development if a mother is less stressed the will be more comfortable around the child creating a better mother-child attachment which also promotes language development. (Parfitt, Pike, & Ayers, 2013). If a father’s is positively involved in a child’s life early on that the child will have a greater reduction in cognitive delays, this is especially true in boys (Parfitt, Pike, & Ayers, 2013). Another positive key in a child’s development comes from the sibling relationships. Siblings help a child learn social, emotional, cognitive and behavioral
This essay addresses seeks to evaluates diverse parenting approach by a parent-child observation. From observing developmentally appropriate and inappropriate interactions with the parent and child, I will learn how parents teach, guide, and influence their children. First, I will briefly describe basic Information of the child and parent that I have observed. Next I will discuss the parent experience with transitioning to Parenthood. Throughout the essay, I will be discussing the parenting goals and beliefs, parenting challenges and reflecting on parenting from the parent perspectives. Lastly, I will discussing my observation from the parent and child interactions.
The study I chose to write about is “Harlow’s Monkey Experiments” (Baker, 2016) Harlow’s Monkey experiment reinforced the importance of mother-and-child bonding. He suggested that the same results apply to human infants – that the timing is critical when it comes to separating a child from his or her mother. Moreover, it was found that the establishment of a bond between the infant and his or her mother is not purely dependent on the satisfaction of one’s physiological needs such as warmth, safety, food, but also emotional acceptance, love, and affection.
Maternal age is also associated with the unpleasant pregnancy outcomes. For example, in adolescence the mortality rate of an infant is higher than for mothers of older age. When women of age 35 years or older become pregnant, the risk that the child will have Down syndrome increases. Emotional states and stress during pregnancy can have long-term consequences such as having a child with emotional or cognitive problems, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and language delay. It is concluded that mothers who suffer from depression during pregnancy can be linked to preterm birth, low weight at birth in full-term infants, and an increased risk that depression will develop in the adolescence.