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Essay on the importance of research ethics
Advantages and disadvantages of ethics in research
Essay on the importance of research ethics
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Ulric Gustav Neisser (1928 - 2012) was a German-born, American psychologist. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He received worldwide reputation for his work in the development of cognitive science and the shift from behavioral to cognitive approach in psychology with his 1967 book Cognitive Psychology. His work also involves the study of attention, memory, and intelligence. He is 32nd of APA’s 100 eminent psychologists of the 20th century.
An Overview
Neisser was born into a Jewish family December 8, 1928. At the age of 5, to escape the persecution of German Nazi, his family moved to Pennslvania and settled in Swarthmore upon his father’s appointment at Wharton Business School. He enrolled in Harvard University in 1946 to first physics, but discovered his passion towards Gestaltist view of psychology against behaviorism after two years. Not long after graduating from Harvard, he went to Swarthmore College for his master’s degree, where he worked with Wolfgang Köhler, Hans Wallach, and Henry Gleitman. After he received his master’s degree in 1952, realized the future of psychology was in Gestaltism. He returned to Harvard for graduate school and received his doctorate in 1956.
Neisser worked briefly at Harvard and Brandeis, where he was influenced by Abraham Maslow’s humanistic psychology. His book Cognitive Psychology was written at the University of Pennsylvania and published in 1967. Neisser was hired by the Gibsons to work as a full professor at Cornell University shortly after this publication. Influenced by James Gibson’s theory on perception, he reevaluated his initial themes in Cognitive Psychology and supplemented his 1976 book Cognition and Reality with re...
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...most about Ulric Neisser was his elasticity to keep an dispassionate and open mind towards his own works and his art of maintaining academic independence and collaboration with his colleagues. As he acknowledged in the interview with Szokolszky (2013), not long after his success with his Cognitive Psychology, he grew speculative of his description of the constructive process of perception. As mentioned above, Neisser’s model of information processing starts from retinal image, while in Gibson’s model, it starts from the ambient light reflected from the object. He embraced Gibson’s model and justified its superiority over his. Sometimes we focus too much on defending our own opinion, but such overprotection often comes with the negligence of valuable ideas from others. Neisser and Gibson’s relationship is a perfect example of academic independence and collaboration.
D. Brett King, Wayne Viney, & William Douglas Woody, (2013). A History of Psychology, Ideas & Context. 3rd ed. United States: Pearson.
The human mind is one of the most complex structures the gods had created. It is difficult to understand each brain process as every human being possesses his or her own distinguished thought patterns with different levels of complexities. A person’s mind greatly influences his behavior, which eventually transforms into his habit by becoming embedded into his character. Today, the world of psychology tries to understand everything that a mind can create. However, even before the field of Psychology was introduced and brought into practice, some American writers threw a spotlight on the mechanism of the human brain in their works. On top of this list is an American writer, Edgar Allan
James Jerome Gibson was born on January 27, 1904, in McConnelsville, Ohio, U.S. and died on December 11, 1979. He was an experimental psychologist whose work focused primarily on visual perception. He received his Ph.D. in Psychology from Princeton University in 1928 and joined the faculty of Smith College. During World War II he served in the Army Air Forces (1942–46). In the Army, Gibson developed tests used to screen potential pilots. In doing so, he made the observation that pilots orient themselves according to the characteristics of the ground surface rather than through kinesthetic senses (Hochberg, 1994).
Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, was brought into this world on August 9, 1896, in Neuchâtel, Switzerland. He was the eldest child of Arthur Piaget and Rebecca Jackson. His father was a medieval literature professor and Piaget began to grasp some of his traits at an early age. At only 11 years old, Piaget wrote a short paper on an albino sparrow and that along with other publications gave him a reputation. (Encyclopedia Britannica 2013) After high school, Piaget went to the University of Neuchâtel to study zoology and philosophy where he also received a Ph.D. in 1918. Sometime later Piaget became acquainted with psychology and began to study under Carl Jung and Eugen Bleuler. Later he started his study at the Sorbonne in Paris in 1919. Four
Passer, M., Smith, R., Holt, N., Bremner, A., Sutherland, E., & Vliek, M. (2009). Psychology; Science of Mind and Behaviour. (European Edition). New York.
McCarthy, R., Warrington, E. (1990), Cognitive Neuropsychology: A Clinical Introduction. San Diego: Academic Press Ltd.
Price, H. R., et al, (1982). Principles in Psychology. New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Rieber, R. W. (2001). Wilhelm Wundt in history: the making of a scientific psychology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Freud distinguished himself academically at a very young age. He was a prolific writer, and an avid reader in the arts, humanities, and sciences When he was seventeen-years-old, he began attending the University of Vienna to study medicine, which was one of the few opportunities offered for a young Jewish man during this time. He entered into the program with ambitions of becoming a research scientist, but was unable to do so because there was a quota for Jews in that field which had already been filled. As an alternativ...
Boneau, C. A., Kimble, G. A., and Wertheimer, M. (1996) Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology, Volume II. Washington D.C. and Mahwah, NJ: American Psychological Association & Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
B.F. Skinner was born on March 20, 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, a small town where he spent his childhood. He was the first-born son of a lawyer father and homemaker mother who raised him and his younger brother. As a young boy, Skinner enjoyed building and used his imaginative mind to invent many different devices. He spent his college years at Hamilton College in New York to pursue a Bachelor’s degree in writing. Following his graduation in 1926, Skinner explored writings of Pavlov, Russell, and Watson, three influential men in the field of behavioral psychology. After two years as a failed writer, Skinner applied to Harvard University to earn his Ph.D. in psychology.
Hothersall, David. (1995). History of Psychology. 4th ed. McGraw Hill Co: New York, New York.
New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Nairne, J. S. (2009). The 'Second Psychology. The.
Thorndike, E., & Murchison, C. (1936). Edward Lee Thorndike. In C. Murchison (Ed.), A history of psychology in autobiography volume III (pp. 263-270). Clark University Press. doi:10.1037/11247-011
Sternberg, R. J. (1999). Cognitive psychology (2nd ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers