6-3, construct a topographic map on Figure 6-5. This figure depicts a landform near the sea (blank area at bottom of figure). Draw and label contours of 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 ft. Start with the lowest contour, and then construct progressively higher contours. Note that the first contour (0 ft) is simply the shoreline (label it with an elevation of “0”). (5pts) Figure 6-5: Topographic map exercise; contour interval = 40 ft. Study the method for constructing a topographic profile in Figure
The map depicts the site as vacant with the above mentioned loop roadway in the southern portion of the site. The main roadways in the area were set up in a grid pattern with minor roadways filling in the grid. Two buildings are indicated just west of the
temperature-related variables (BIO1, BIO3, BIO4 and BIO9) were the key factors responsible for differentiation between the clusters. Elevation and variables connected with the terrain sculpture (WI, TI, TRI and MRVBF) were among the most important topographic variables separating species clusters. The influence of the geological variables (related to the bedrock) was relatively weak, but significant in some cases. It seems to us that analysed clusters can be divided into major groups reflecting their
elsewhere in Africa, Caribbean and US/UK; ● Adding new useful local information, which has become available since the publication of the ERA Drainage Design Manual – 2002 including (hydrological data, land use change, aerial photos, topographical maps etc). ● Addressing identified gaps in information ( policy guidance, climate change, sediment control, outfall design and environmental pollution control criteria, engineer’s responsibility, role and responsibility of Local Roads Authorities, federal
Earth’s surface consists many different landforms. The shape of an area of land is also known as its topography. The topography of an area of land could be flat, sloping, hilly, or mountainous. Elevation, relief, and landforms determine an area’s topography. Elevation is the height above sea level. Relief is the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest parts off an area. A landform is a feature of topography formed by the process that shape Earth’s surface. All landforms have elevation
Over thousands of years, maps have developed from two-dimensional cave art depicting the constellations to Christian-centered “T and O” maps depicting Jerusalem at the center of the map, to sophisticated three-dimensional views of earth. According to James S. Aber, a professor of Geology at Emporia State University, the first known maps were made in approximately 2300 B.C. on clay tablets. As time passed philosophers developed more knowledge about Earth, and by the time that Claudius Ptolemaeus
science of map making and can date back to clay tablets in 2300 B.C. The word cartography is derived from the Greek words “chartes”, meaning sheet of papyrus, and “graphy”, meaning writing. This phrase was composed in the 19th century although the Portuguese scholar Manuel Francisco de Barros e Sousa was in need of a new word that would describe maps, and in-turn, created cartography. By the end of the 19th century the meaning of cartography had changed to the word for map drawing. Dot maps of constellations
Internet-based map services including MapQuest and MapBlast as well as other digital maps. Before analyzing the effects that technology has on mapmaking, it is important to understand some of the history of maps. Hundreds of years ago, maps were drawn by hand and much of the work had to be done manually. In ancient Greece , philosophers came up with the idea of “geography” and that was where the foundations of maps were created. Information about geography is very crucial in designing a map and at
ABSTRACT These days Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques has become a necessary issue as they help planners and decision makers to create effective and proprer decisions and designs. Remote Sensing is to look at the Earth’s surface with sensors high on top of Earth’s surface. Remote Sensing is mostly of 2 varieties Active Remote Sensing and Passive Remote Sensing
Historical geographer JB Harley wrote an essay on Map Deconstruction in 1989, in which Harley argues that a map is more than just a geographical representation of an area, his theory is that we need to look at a map not just as a geographical image but in its entire context. Harley points out that by an examination of the social structures that have influenced map making, that we may gain more knowledge about the world. The maps social construction is made from debate about what it should show
can meaningfully comprehend the world. The media use sign systems through newspapers, magazines, television,internet, and the radio etc. The conceptual map of meaning and language are the basis of representation. The conceptual map of meaning, are concepts organised, arranged and classified into complex relations to one another. The conceptual map of meaning although allows you to distinguish your own individual interpretation of the world, at the same time as holding similar views to that of other
brief outline of a coastline’s length would be looking at maps of various scales. The result of this would be smaller scale maps resulting in shorter coastline lengths and larger scale maps, longer coastline lengths. This is called the coastline paradox: a term founded by English mathematician Lewis Fry Richardson and means that the larger the scale of map used, the longer the measured coastline length is. This is because the greater a map is enlarged, the finer the details captured of a place’s border
The Hereford World Map is the world’s oldest surviving map of the world; it was made in 1300, during the beginning of the Renaissance in Europe. There was a wider range of influences on mapping during the later medieval period. With an increase in exploration, Europe began to evolve into an international continent; widespread travel can be seen by the influences of the Islamic world on architecture. While map making in China had flourished in the 11th C, mapping was beginning to evolve in Europe
and available information about the time period. It may also reflect not only the author’s interest in each phase of history, but the assumed interest of the reader. The book contains mostly text, but also quite a few photographs, maps, and statistical charts. The maps are not detailed, only giving a general sense of the area, but the statistical tables are fairly detailed. Overall, though, the photographs are the most helpful device in illustrating and giving additional depth to the text. Section
goal that Jefferson set for the expedition. Lewis and Clark recorded a wealth of scientific knowledge as they noted significant geographic features, made detailed route maps, and recorded their observations of longitude and latitude. Lewis performed most the astronomical duties and Clark charted the course and drafted expedition maps. Jefferson was especially concerned that Lewis and Clark establish good connections with the Indians and carry out linguistic and ethnological studies. Consequently, they
floor. The new theory is called plate tectonics. Soon after the Atlantic Ocean had been mapped, about three hundred years ago, it was noticed that the opposite coasts had similar shapes, but it was not until the middle of the 19th century that accurate maps were published demonstrating that the two coasts could be fitted together quite closely. Some geologists then suggested that the fit of the coasts was not an accident--that the continents were once joined and had subsequently drifted apart. None of
The U.S. had rarely collected a census and there were no reliable maps (Boba, 2001). The first spectral analysis of crime in the United States was done in the 1920’s and 1930’s by sociologists in Chicago (Boba, 2001). A majority of the crime mapping research and practice was done in Europe and the United States by studying
need to accurately enter coordinates in a GIS, the first step is to uniquely define all coordinates on Earth. This means you need a reference frame for your latitude and longitude coordinates. Because the Earth is curved and in GIS we deal with flat map projections we need to accommodate both the curved and flat views of the world. Surveyors have accurately defined locations on Earth. We begin modelling the Earth with an ellipsoid. To be clear, this is different than a geoid which is a measure of mean
discuss these three ideas, and perhaps draw a conclusion at the end on which I feel to be the most valid. The first solution to this question, as I said earlier, is the idea that destiny makes character. As destiny supposedly in the Greek mindset maps out all events before they occur, we can today assume with this logic that perhaps the components that "built" Oedipus' character were caused by fate. We know today that character is determined by biological factors and experience. These biological
states that the city of Jerusalem should be in the center of all maps created. This eliminated the need for any latitude or longitude. Before hand, there had been more than six hundred maps created, not one having this holy city as the center. There was nothing new about putting "the most sacred place at the center" says Boorstin. The Hindus placed Mount Meru, a mythological 70,000 foot high mountain at the center of their map. In the Muslim faith, the Ka'bah in Mecca was the highest point