Conclusions and Recommendations
A brief technical review has been undertaken on the existing ERA drainage design manual. This technical review has identified data and technology gaps within the existing manual and made recommendation for further studies and data collection. Following review of runoff and flow estimation techniques currently adopted in Ethiopia, it is recommended that current rainfall runoff and flow estimation analysis techniques are improved using newly available data and technique.
As a result of this review, use of Worksheet calculation forms have been suggested for use by ERA staff and other local and international consultants in preference to traditional manual calculation.
Proposed revisions and additions to the existing ERA Drainage Design Manual – 2002 include:
● Provision of best practice and case studies of drainage infrastructure internally within Ethiopia and elsewhere in Africa, Caribbean and US/UK;
● Adding new useful local information, which has become available since the publication of the ERA Drainage Design Manual – 2002 including (hydrological data, land use change, aerial photos, topographical maps etc).
● Addressing identified gaps in information ( policy guidance, climate change, sediment control, outfall design and environmental pollution control criteria, engineer’s responsibility, role and responsibility of Local Roads Authorities, federal and regional government statutory requirements );
● Deleting information which have become obsolete due to change in policy or practice, and replacing it with material in accordance with new requirements(e.g., hydrological, land use and aerial photos etc..);
● Reduce the amount of theoretical material and introduce Worksheet c...
... middle of paper ...
... as well as facilitating efficient maintenance activities.
A data format should be agreed by stakeholders and drainage designers in order to establish a common data format and reporting procedure (including site plan, topographical and soil Maps, hydrological and hydraulic calculations) to be compatible to the established database system and software.
Staff training in GIS technology, database operation and maintenance and good data documentation practises is essential.
Some of the commercially available GIS software includes:
MapInfo
ArcView
AcrGIS
All those involved in road drainage design (including local and international consultants) in any of the key phases of road infrastructure delivery should use this manual appropriately. A drainage policy guidance document to enforce the design criteria should be prepared.
12 References
...lk about projects such as these two,we must bear in mind that there are relatively great chances for the government to atleast have awareness of the underlying practices and situation. If we use the alternatives, it will incur cost but it will let go of the sacrifices and compromises poverty stricken nations have to pay. On the stakeholders i.e. the general masses it will be beneficial as they will be paid for their work in legal framework and will be provided water products in the market (Me, 2014).
In the United Kingdom, the Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) is responsible for the protection of the coastline from flooding and erosion. Responsibility for the coastline is divided between various authorities in accordance with legislation. Coastal Protection authorities such as Dover District Council are empowered under the Coast Protection Act 1949 to carry out works in their area to protect the coast from erosion. The construction and maintenance of works to resist coastal flooding is carried out by the Environment Agency in accordance with the Water Resources Act 1991. Strategic planning A key component in managing the coast has been the development [IMAGE]Of Shoreline Management Plans (SMP) which set out a strategy for coastal management of a section of the coastline.
Aim: To determine what effect agricultural runoff has on surrounding environment, and to find what solutions can be made to reverse any damage.
A river or “stream, ribbons of water confined to channels, or troughs, cut into the land,” (Marshak, 2009) is formed from a drainage network or “the array of interconnecting streams” that form tributaries. (Marshak, 2009). The amount of water that flows down a stream is its discharge. The discharge measurement takes the width and depths or cross sectional area of a river as well as the downstream velocity to get a numeric value for amount of water moving down stream. (Marshak, 2009)
The idea of retrofitting suds into existing developments was introduced to tackle the problems assiocated with traditional drainage systems which were designed to convey stormwater from the devlopents to receiving enviorments as quickily as possible to minimize flooding at the development. These however cause enviormental problems in receiving enviorments
Because watersheds are specified by natural hydrology they represent the most logical basis for managing water resources. The resource becomes the center point and managers are able to gain a more complete understanding of overall conditions in an area
Water scarcity is a crucial issue in a country called Djibouti. Djibouti lies in “The Horn of Africa” which is a peninsula in Northeast Africa. However, due to climate change and variability, refugees from Somalia and poverty, Djibouti is now considered an extremely water poor country. The aim of this report is to inform the government about the water crisis in Djibouti and that climate change is one of the main factors that cause it.
Bengtson, Harlan. “How to Deal with Agricultural Runoff.” Bright Hub Engineering. N.p., 16 July 2010. Web. 5 May 2014.
Much of Ethiopia is covered by highlands, plateaus and mountains and with this country’s climate is categorized as primarily H with some subcategories of B on the Köppen system (Attoh). The Western Highlands and Eastern Highlands that consume most of Ethiopia are dissected by the Eastern Rift Valley that slices through from the northeast to the southwest. The highlands here are classified as H climates which means that they experience temperate climates and dry winters. The highlands here can receive up to 80 inches of rainfall a year and average temperatures in the low 60s F (Brittanica.com). Attoh classifi...
Geographers plan new communities, decide where new highways should be placed, and establish evacuation plans. Computerized mapping and data analysis is known as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), a new frontier in geography. Spatial data is gathered on a variety of subjects and input onto a computer. GIS users can create an infinite number of maps by requesting portions of the data to plot.
GIS is an emerging method of data storage and interpretation. GIS is, simply put a database. It is many tables of data organized by one common denominator, location. The data in a GIS system is organized spatially, or by its physical location on the base map. The information that is stored in the database is the location and attributes that exist in that base map, such as streets, highways, water lines, sewers, manholes, properties, and buildings, etc. each of these items don’t just exist in the database, the attributes associated with the item is also stored. A good example of this would be a specific sewer line, from and arbitrary point A to a point B. Ideally, the sewer line would be represented graphically, with a line connecting the two points or something of the like. When one retrieves the information for that line in particular, the attribute data would be shown. This data would include the size of pipe, the pipe material, the upper invert elevation, the downstream invert elevation, the date installed, and any problem history associated with that line. This is the very gist of what a GIS system is.
Mother Nature always comes with surprises, and although weather is forecasted, one can never prevent disasters from happening. Floods in the Midwest for example, have delayed the planting of many crops and destroyed them as well. The rise in environmental problems such as agricultural flooding has a catastrophic impact of great concern to farmers so tile drainage has been suggested to more or less improve the problem. Flooding in the Midwest is expected to increase in the upcoming future, therefore farmers should try to find the solution before it’s too late and they start losing more agriculture. Installing tile drainage systems on farming land isn’t a bad idea at all considering that the investment pays off in the end because it prepares the land for earlier planting and harvesting, and not only that, but companies use modern equipment in order to be accurate on the installation of this great system which helps improve the farmlands and helps get rid of most of the destruction of crops.
The combination of safe drinking water and hygienic sanitation facilities is a precondition for health and for success in the fight against poverty, hunger, child deaths and gender inequality. UNICEF works in more than 90 countries around the world to improve water supplies and sanitation facilities in schools and communities, and to promote safe hygiene practices. All UNICEF water and sanitation programmes are designed to contribute to the Millennium Development Goal for water and sanitation: to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe water and basic sanitation. Key strategies for meeting the water, sanitation and hygiene challenges are to:
According to Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) urban drainage design manual (2009), storm water collection systems must be designed to provide adequate surface drainage. Traffic safety is intimately related to surface drainage. Surface drainage is a function of transverse and longitudinal pavement slope, pavement
Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional water restrictions and in developed countries is often used to supplement the main supply. In times of harsh weather such as droughts and floods, it provides a fresh supply of clean water as well as in cases of mitigate flooding occurring...