pedestrian traffic like footbridge. With the time changed, the safety and technical of bridge structure form has also changed and improved. Nowadays, almost footbridge in Hong Kong is made by concrete including prestressed concrete bridge. This project will discuss about some basic structure analysis of prestressed concrete bridge and design a newly footbridge according the structure design manual for highway department. First, there is several type of the footbridge. We need to compare all form of footbridge
What is concrete? Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry. Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water, aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts with water chemically and binds the aggregates together through
Current Research Status Traffic hazard, coupled with aging and vulnerable infrastructure, pose the potential for damage and loss of resource. Precast prestressed concrete girder bridges appeared as a mean by which more efficient designs can be achieved. They offer many advantages such as the ease of construction and a relatively high durability. The prestressed girders are usually precast of site and transported for erection before pouring composite decks. As a result, full continuity between the girders
except concrete piles, which can also be site-cast in predrilled holes (boring method).
are associated with rigidity or flexural strength or slab action so the load is distributed over a wide area of subgrade soil. Rigid pavement is laid in slabs with steel reinforcement. The rigid pavements are made of cement concrete either plan, reinforced or prestressed concrete. Critical condition of stress in the rigid pavement is the maximum flexural stress occurring in the slab due to wheel load and the temperature changes. Rigid pavement is designed and analyzed by using the elastic theory.A
or by the materials used to make them. A bridge built solely for people to cross over is classified as a pedestrian bridge. Likewise, a bridge made out of wood would be classified as a wooden bridge, while a bridge made out of concrete would be classified as a concrete bridge. However, the most efficient way to classify bridges is according to their structural form (“Bridges,” 2008). The three most basic types of bridge structures are girder bridges, arch bridges, and suspension bridges (“Bridge
and Rise Arch axis Sidewalk Concrete Requirements As my structure is an open spandrel Arch bridge that is made up of Reinforced concrete i.e. concrete as well as steel reinforcement hence it can be benefited by using unconventional concrete that is High Strength or High Performance concrete (HSC or HPC). HSC is that concrete which satisfies all the requisites in terms of all the critical fabrication and utilization at the lowest possible cost.It is a new type of concrete that needed unconventional
advantages. There has been increasing interest in the use of fabric formwork as an alternative to traditional rigid formworks. This paper presents a brief historical overview, different applications and the advantages of fabric formwork. Introduction Concrete has been cast in rigid formwork since it was invented. The traditional rigid formworks are constructed using flat, straight sheets with uniform section built with 90-degree joints [1]. The resulting forms are simple, uniform cross-section shapes
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Nowadays, the basic construction material is concrete which is used more than any other man-made material in the world to make pavements, architectural structures, foundations, roads, bridges, etc. Concrete is a construction material composed of cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate such as gravel, limestone, or granite, plus a fine aggregate such
In Kenneth Frampton’s Rappel a L’ordre, the Case for the Tectonic, he reinterprets modern architecture “through the lens of techne.” Techne can be traced back to its Greek origins, which embodied the ideas of art, craft and skill in the making of an object. Techne came to be tied with the materiality and construction methods used in buildings. Technology then came to refer to the making and using of tools and the methods to solve a problem. Implicit in the word “technology” is the act of construction
Conventional concrete structures are reinforced with non prestressed and prestressed steel. The steel is initially protected against corrosion by the alkalinity of the concrete, usually resulting in durable and serviceable construction. For many structures subjected to aggressive environments, such as marine structures and bridges and parking garages exposed to deicing salts, combinations of moisture, temperature, and chlorides reduce the alkalinity of the concrete and result in the corrosion of
BRICK CONSTRUCTION Introduction Brick is a small rectangular shape solid, one brick cannot build anything. However, stacking bricks can make wall, brick wall can support building. China have long history of using brick structure, this research is to study what is brick structure, how can it adapt in modern architecture and how can brick structure affect the construction method of modern architecture. Following study will mainly research on the types of brick, how to construct brick wall and brick
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is an innovative concrete that does not require vibration for placing and compaction. It is able to flow under its own weight, completely filling formwork and achieving full compaction, even in the presence of congested reinforcement. The hardened concrete is dense, homogeneous and has the same engineering properties and durability as traditional vibrated concrete. Making concrete structure without compaction has been done in the past. Like placement of concrete underwater
Cognitive Senses in 1952. According to Piaget, as children develop, they must make constant mental adaptations to new observations and experiences. Piaget's theory was made up of four stages; the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operations stage, and the formal operations stage. If children can be defined by these stages, it is important to note that Shakespeare's character Caliban can also be defined by Piaget's theory because he is presented ultimately as a child. Part
All members of society are subject to sociological rules and regulations that are often hypocritical. These hypocrisies, both concrete and unspoken, are the subject of criticism by authors the world over, utilizing various methods and styles to ridicule society's many fables. Joseph Heller's Catch-22 and Arthur Miller's The Crucible present two stylistically dissimilar literary works that criticize hypocritical functions and conventions within society through equally contrasting methods
sighing of the winds, and the low, sad moan of the waves" gradually have been replaced by the sound of traffic and small weapons fire, the gentle voices of the fairies have been drowned out by the cacophony of the metropolis. In this brave new world of concrete and glass, Shakespeare's "children of Pan" have come more and more to resemble the "children of Man" than ever before. One hundred and fifty years ago, however, it was very different: the world of the fairies was an idealized version of our own
identifiable song, contrary to what is indicated by most editors" (274). Stallybrass seems also to believe that Hecate is there to dance, but at least he credits her with a particularly important number: "the dance of Hecate and the six Witches gives a concrete dramatization of the 'deed without a name' (IV.i.49) which reverses the whole order of 'Nature'" (200). What Hecate's interpolation really supplies, however, is order and much more: balance, authority, direction, and reason are all part of the substance
State Defined Reality in George Orwell's 1984 Reality can have a more fluid and complicated definition than we might realize. Instead of being a concrete ability to see 'black-and-white' differences between ideas and basing beliefs on outside evidence , a person's conception of reality might accommodate contradicting beliefs, reject and ignore truth when convenient, or embrace concepts seemingly preposterous in a 'sane' world. A postmodern work of fiction allows for the shifting and changing
Willy's Loneliness and Alienation in Death of a Salesman Willy Loman’s feelings of alienation and loneliness are direct psychological results of his interaction with society and the conditions that are found within it. Although, he does not necessarily have the ability or allow himself to have the ability to define his feelings as such, they are still very much a part of his everyday existence. This is evident in his constant bragging and attempted compensation. He does not feel that he is
prominent in many literary works. One piece of literature that stands out as a perfect example of symbolism is Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown." This story is completely symbolic, and provides a good example of an allegory, or a story in which concrete items or characters represent abstract ideas. Hawthorne uses both objects and people as symbols to better support the allegorical tones throughout "Young Goodman Brown." Nathaniel Hawthorne uses different people as symbols throughout "Young Goodman