Primary and Secondary Consolidation Settlement of saturated soils under increased loading consists of two successive phases, commonly referred to as the primary and secondary consolidation phases. The primary consolidation phase is dominated by pore pressure dissipation and effective stress increase; whereas, the secondary consolidation phase is dominated by creep (viscous deformation) at almost constant effective stress. The consolidation settlement consists of two parts. In conventional soil mechanics
membrane the water is the only through that can move through. In this case our solute is sugar, and sugar cannot fit through the pores in the membrane. When there is more sugar the difference in concentration is greater. That difference makes all the molecules want to go. That results in osmotic pressure being built up. Everything moves, the sugar tries to get through, but the pores don’t accommodate it. It being neat the pores block the water going through. That means that the water can only go through
Water desalination is the process of removing salts and minerals from water that has a high concentration of salt dissolved in it, and can therefore not be consumed as drinking water. Desalination of saline water can be achieved by a technique known as reverse osmosis. In osmosis the net movement of solvent molecules occurs from an area of low solute concentration to a more concentrated one through a semi-permeable membrane to balance the concentration of solute on either side of the membrane. However
consist voids or pores, ability to contain fluid (known as porosity) and the pores are interconnected (permeability) in order to allow flow to occur. Hydrocarbons can be termed as reservoir fluid. The volume of hydrocarbons stored in a reservoir depends upon the porosity of the reservoir rock. The rate and volume at which hydrocarbons are withdrawn depends upon the permeability of the reservoir rock. Almost complete pore space of the superior several kilometres of earth’s crust contains water. Therefore
slope failure can be climatic events can then make a slope actively unstable, leading to mass movements. Mass movements can be caused by increase in shear stress, such as loading, lateral pressure, and transient forces. Alternatively, shear strength may be decreased by weathering, changes in pore water pressure, and organic material. The field of slope stability encompasses static and dynamic stability of slopes of earth and rock-fill dams, slopes of other types of embankments, excavated slopes,
the rate of subsidence for existing condition is not affected by the rate of groundwater level decreasing during 1985 to 2015 around 0.3 meters/year. Modeling continues using extreme scenario that reaches 1.5 meters/year and the result is ground water has a significant effect on subsidence. The percentage of groundwater effect on subsidence in normal condition is less than 5% but in extreme condition is around 30%.
membrane: active transport and passive transport. Active processes require energy, such as ATP, in order for the molecules to be transported. In active transport, the cell administers ATP.i Within passive processes no energy is required and changes n pressure and concentration are the driving forces. Processes such as simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration are characterized as passive transport, while solute pumps are a form of active transport. Each of these form of transports
Concrete for Water Retaining Structure Author: Aritra Pal; Entry No. 2013CEC8314 1.0 Introduction: The Aim of this study is to select a better choice of water tight concrete for the water proofing construction of water retaining structures like tanks, reservoirs, swimming pools etc. This paper includes the study of early age & later age properties of concretes with Chemical Admixtures & Supplementary cementecious materials, from the aspect of water tightness & durability. 2.0 Principle of Water Tightness:
the follow up of the drying process. A vapor–pressure gradient is created due to the temperature gradient set up in the solid causing moisture migration through vapor diffusion to the surface. Continuous supply of fresh gas or air to the feed continues to lose moisture until the vapor pressure of the moisture
bilayer which are important in maintaining homeostasis in the cells and the entire body. To further understand these mechanisms, five experiments were conducted. These experiments were conducted over simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmotic pressure, simulating filtration, and active transport. These studies were obtained by understanding the changing and observing the different variables of how they affect transport through the membrane. Materials and Methods Simple Diffusion The
1) MEMBRANE DISTILLATION Membrane distillation (MD) is one of the membrane-based separation processes. The driving force for MD processes is the vapor pressure difference across the membrane which is created by applying temperature on feed side. Though the development of membrane distillation has been started since 1960s and many reported studies have been published, MD has gained little acceptance in industry or practice
Transported soils are soils that have been relocated from their original place. Transportation may have resulted from the outcome of gravity, wind, water glaciers or human activities. Transported soil particles are often segregated according to size during the transportation process. The method of transportation and deposition has significant effect on the
technology is arguably the most economical, innovative and environment friendly that can be applied in water and wastewater treating. History has shown that no other new technology has had so much positive effects in the last century. Due to its ability to solve many different water treatment problems it is the choice of many industries seeking to reuse their waste water and reduce their water footprint. Membranes work by providing barriers that permit or prevent the passage of materials of certain
all-round understanding of petrophysical properties. The goal of this essay is to understand the laboratory measurements and basic definitions of the petrophysical properties porosity, permeability, relative permeability, capillarity, and saturation. Pore-size distribution is presented as the common link between these properties. Rock and fluid properties are the building blocks in any reservoir engineering study that lead to the formulation of a successful reservoir management strategy. Sometimes the
Fouling: Ultrafiltration systems kept on working under a fixed pressure of range 3-4 bar. The permeate flux was measured over time while keeping the feed solution circulating at a fixed pressure across the surface of the membrane. Fouling is the existence of colloidal and macromolecular substances on the membrane surface which is an important factor in determining the performance of the ultrafiltration membranes (Baker, 2012). The flux of pure water is normally very high reaching to about 500l/m2.h. But
middle of paper ... ...nding on the type of raw materials used, the conditions of crystallization, zeolite crystallinity degree and the desired composition. After that, the crystallized zeolite is separated using rotary vacuum filters and washed with water. These zeolites then undergo few treatments to convert it into catalytic acitve material. The NaY zeolite is exchanged with ammonium ions to get rid of the sodium ions in an ionic exchange tanks which is then filtered out and sprayed with the exchange
Ultrafiltration is a process by which one uses a pressure-driven process utilizing a specific-sized membrane to separate macromolecular weights of a solution, allowing the transfer of the low molecular weight (permeate). Ultrafiltration is exclusively defined by the pore size range (0.1 – 0.001 microns) (Dhawan). Ultrafiltration is used in a wide array of applications, such as food and beverage, chemical, pharmaceutical, medical, drinking water, wastewater and etc. This research review will focus
Water Potential Investigation Aim: To determine the water potential of potato cells and sweet potato cells during the process of osmosis. (Only water molecules can pass through by the process of osmosis) Osmosis is the movement of water particles from a low region of water concentration to a high region of water concentration through a partially permeable membrane. A partially permeable membrane is known as the barrier which allows certain substances to move across, such as water molecules
for survival and reproduction. 3) Speciation-the evolutionary process whereby populations of a single species separate and, though being exposed to different forces of natural selection, gradually develop into distinct species. 4) Selective pressure-An environmental factor that causes individuals with certain traits, which are not the norm for the population, to survive and reproduce more then rest of the population. The result is a shift in the genetic makeup of the population 5) Selective
000 and 10,000 rev/min. Erosion jets can be classified as low speed or high speed. The low speed jets use abrasive particles, such as sand to erode rock at 10 to 200 m/s and the high speed jets use water at 200 to 1,000 m/s. The high speed jets are used for the hardest rock and require pressures up to 5,000 kg/cm²! In underground, non coal mining, the excavation of rock is done largely by conventional percussive drills. These break the rock by indentation. The drilling machine applies a force