Drying is a complex operation involving transitory heat and mass transfer mechanisms followed by physical or chemical transformations as rate processes, changing the physical qualities of the product inclusive of shrinkage, puffing, crystallization, glass transitions etc & due to the enviable or uninvited chemical or biochemical reactions, changes in physical properties like color, texture, odor, or other properties of the solid product is the follow up of the drying process. A vapor–pressure gradient is created due to the temperature gradient set up in the solid causing moisture migration through vapor diffusion to the surface. Continuous supply of fresh gas or air to the feed continues to lose moisture until the vapor pressure of the moisture …show more content…
(ii) Vapor diffusion, if the liquid vaporizes within material.
(iii) Knudsen diffusion, if drying takes place at very low temperatures and pressures, e.g., in freeze drying.
(iv) Surface diffusion, hypothetically possible but not experimentally established.
(v) Hydrostatic pressure differences, when internal vaporization rates exceed the rate of vapor transport through the solid to the surroundings.
(vi) Combinations of the above
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The simultaneous heat and mass transfer to changes the temperature of the wet solid to evaporate its surface moisture and the transfer of moisture to the surface of the solid for subsequent evaporation from the surface to the surrounding atmosphere take place during drying processes. Normally, the hot air or combustion gases surrounding the feed are the drying medium. The psychrometry and the use of humidity charts determine the actual quantities of air required to remove the moisture liberated by evaporation. During heat transfer to a wet solid, the temperature Gradient developed within the solid and the moisture evaporation from the surface become the driving force for migration of moisture from within the solid to the surface, which occurs through diffusion, capillary flow, internal pressures due to the shrinkage during drying, and repeated and progressive vaporization and re-condensation of moisture to the exposed surface in the case of conduction type indirect drying. An appreciation of this internal movement of moisture is important when it is the controlling factor, as it occurs after the critical moisture content, in a drying
Perhaps, a different drying agent may also be used like MgSO4. Another improvement may be to use a curved Pasteur pipette to remove the appropriate liquid. Using a test tube to add anhydrous sodium sulfate resulted in the drying agent being on the sides of the tube. Hence, to improve this error, a glass with a flat bottom may be used.
Osmosis and Diffusion Investigation Aim: To examine the process of osmosis and diffusion. Part A: Step 1: Q1.[IMAGE] Q2. The jiggling motion is visible because the fat globules are constantly being bombarded by smaller particles. [IMAGE] Q3.
fuel, heat loss and shape of the type of wick. The type of fuel, heat loss will be the variables to change. We will measure to control the temperature of the water using a
enclosure is driven by the strength of the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules, leading
On earth, substances tend to exist in one of three phases; either a solid, liquid, or gas. While solids and liquids have defining factors such as volume, and for solids only, a shape, gases exhibit neither of these. Gases naturally take the shape of and expand into the volume of the container, and change when placed in different surroundings. As gases are constantly moving around and colliding with the walls, they exert a force, or pressure, on the walls of its container. Pressure is one of the characteristic behaviors that gases exhibit, but due to their nature, various factor effect the pressures that a gas can exert. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, scientist began to stumble upon these various factors that affect gases, especially
As the pressure drop increases in the column, it is observed that the degree of foaming becomes more violent and more spread out. When the pressure drop is relatively high, it means that the pressure exerted by the vapour is insufficient to hold up the liquid in the tray, causing the gas bubbles to appear on top of the sieve trays. To add on, the higher the pressure drop, the higher the velocity of the vapour passing up the column. As a result, more vapour will penetrate the liquid and more bubbles formation is observed. Due to more bubbles formation, the degree of foaming are more agitated, rapid and spread out.
Sweating and Heat Loss Investigation Aim To find out whether heat is lost faster over a sweaty body compared to a dry body. Apparatus 2 Boiling tubes 47ml max 2 Measuring jug 50ml max A Beaker 250ml max 2 thermometers Paper towels A kettle to boil water A stopwatch 2 magnifying glasses (8x) 2 corks with a small hole through the centre A test tube rack Preliminary work In my preliminary work, I need to find out how much water to use, whether the tissue should be wet with hot/cold water, how often the readings should be taken, how accurate should the readings be, how many readings should be taken and what my starting temperature should be. My results are as follows. Starting temperature of 40°c Time (secs) Wet towel (°c) Dry towel (°c) 30 36 38.9 60 35 38.5 90 34 37.9 120 33.9 37.5 150 33 37 180 32.6 36.9 210 32.3 36.8 240 31 36.5 270 30.4 36 300 30.3 35.9 Starting temperature of 65°c Time (secs) Wet towel (°c) Dry towel (°c) 30 51.1 53 60 48.2 51.9 90 46.4 51 120 46 50 150 44.3 49 180 42.9 48.4 210 42.6 46.9 240 41.7 48 270 40.2 47.5 300 39.3 47 Starting temperature of 60°c Time (secs) Wet towel (°c) Dry towel (°c)
Process bc : This high pressure and high temperature vapour then enters a condenser where the temperature of the vapour first drops to saturation temperature and subsequently the vapour refrigerant condenses to liquid state .
It is based on physics, and the 2nd law of thermodynamics. A liquid is vaporized through compression, which requires kinetic energy. This draws the energy needed from the direct area; causing a loss in energy and then it
...y that the decrease in pressure is due to the rate of evaporation occurring at the same time. The lab was performed very well and had little to no errors in the procedure due to the practice run that was done the class before.
When people take the moisture in the food it makes the food smaller (food Dehydration 2). The most important thing about food dehydration is making the food last a long time (food dehydration 2 ). When blanching the vegetables it results in some loss of vitamin C, B complex. When dehydrating foods the fiber does not change (University of Missouri 1). Iron is not destroyed by drying (Drying Vegetables). There are fewer calories in regular food than there are in dried food. There is so much more calories in dried food because concentration of nutrients. Vitamin A is fairly well retained. Vitamin C is mostly destroyed during blanching and drying the vegetables. Dehydrated food has less than 2.5 % of water (Introduction to Dehydration of Food 3).
Melting takes place when a solid gets enough energy to melt. When it gets enough energy it is called the melting point. An example of melting would be snow turning into water. The reverse of the melting process is called freezing. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid ice when the molecules lose a lot of energy. When a solid goes to a gas and skips the liquid, sublimation occurs. The best example of sublimation would be dry ice. Deposition is when a gas goes directly to a solid without going through the liquid phase. An example of deposition is when water vaper turns to tiny crystals.
The rate of evaporation can increase if the gas pressure decreases around the liquid. Heat energy is used to break the bonds that hold water molecules together, that is why water easily evaporates at the boiling point but evaporates much slower at the freezing point. Net evaporation happens when the rate of evaporation surpasses the amount of condensation. Saturation occurs when these two process rates are equivalent when the humidity of the air is at one-hundred percent. On average, a fraction of the atoms in a glass of water has enough heat energy to escape from the liquid. Evaporation from the ocean is the primary device for supporting the surface-to-atmosphere part of the water cycle. Evaporation is the pathway where water moves from the liquid state back into the water cycle as atmospheric vapor. Studies have shown that the major bodies of water are nearly ninety percent of the moisture in the atmosphere from the evaporation of the water, the ten percent left is contributed from plant transpiration. Evaporation can only occur when water is available. It also requires the humidity of the surrounding atmosphere to be less than the evaporating surface. At one-hundred percent relative humidity, there is no more evaporation. The wind chill effect is one of the
Raoult’s law states that the vapor pressure of one liquid is equal to the product of the vapor pressure of the pure liquid and the mole fraction of that liquid in the liquid. The total vapor pressure is simply the sum of the partial pressures of the two liquid components. Dalton’s law states that the mole fraction of one liquid in the vapor is equal to the partial pressure of the liquid divided by the total pressure. These laws can help explain the process of fractional distillation.
Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried upwards throughout a plant by xylem vessels and finally lost to the atmosphere through small pores called stomata. Thousands of these are located on the epidermis on the underside of plant leaves and on the stem as smaller amounts of solar radiation hit the underside surface of the leaf, while solar radiation is absorbed by the top layer of the leaf and used for photosynthesis. Transpiration is driven by heat from the sun, which heats the water molecules in the leaves, breaking their cohesive bonds, which allows the water to evaporate once secreted by the stomata. In vascular tissue, water from the soil is transported from the root hairs to the cortex and then to the endodermis and finally to the xylem vessels, which move the water and water-soluble nutrients upwards through the root and stem to the leaves. The water molecules then form a column, in which the top layer evaporates, leaving behind a concave shape. The high surface tension of the water then pulls this into a convex shape, creating the force needed to pull water through the tissue to the leaf where it is transpired. The process where the water is both transpired and evaporated from the plant is called evapotranspiration.