in both the atmosphere and in the oceans to boil away. No longer having the gravitational pull of the sun, the earth and other planets would wonder the galaxy. The Pauli exclusion principle is defined by Dr. Steven S. Zumdahl, "In a given atom no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers." Due to this principle, only two electrons can inhabit a single energy level. The electrons that share the same energy level have opposite intrinsic angular momentums which is more commonly
sited by Chase and Leibold (2003). Furthermore, it is possible to identify several naturalists who discussed concepts related to a species niche, but C... ... middle of paper ... ...36) which is in some instances referred by “Volterra-Gause principle” (Chase & Leibold, 2003; G.E. Hutchinson, 1978). Revolutionary definition and quantification of the niche concept was done by Hutchinson following all of above mentioned early uses, simulations studies and defining efforts. As stated by Chase and
Physics 3 Andrew Sims Mr. Johnston Honors Physics 3/3/16 Reading Project- Thirty Years That Shook Physics I chose the books titled, “Thirty Years That Shook Physics,” by the quite illustrious Dr. George Gamow for my third quarter physics related book review. George Gamow certainly lived up to his own name by his depth of knowledge in his various
universe. Alice, a normal teenage girl, goes through quantum land and understands what quantum is and how it works. The quantum world is a difficult one to understand, as its nature is one of complex states of being, natures, principles, notions, and the like. When these principles or concepts are compared with the macro world, one can find great similarities and even greater dissimilarities between the world wherein electrons rule, and the world wherein human beings live. In Alice in Quantumland, author
Magnetism is a physical phenomenon which is mediated by magnetic fields. Elementary particles give rise to magnetic fields by using electric currents and intrinsic magnetic moments which interact with other electric currents and magnetic moments. To some extent every material is influenced by magnetic fields. Some materials, known as permanent magnets, have persistent magnetic moments which interact with external magnetic fields resulting in attractive or repulsive behavior. These materials have
One of the primary attributes of matter, impenetrability, results from the fact that the elec tron, being a fermion, obeys the Pauli exclusion principle. The electron is the lightest of a family of elementary particles, the leptons. The other known charged leptons are the muon and the tau. These three particles differ only in mass; they have the same spin, charge
The beginning student of chemistry must have a knowledge of the theory which forms the basis for our understanding of chemistry and he must acquire this knowledge before he has the mathematical background required for a rigorous course of study in quantum mechanics. The present approach is designed to meet this need by stressing the physical or observable aspects of the theory through an extensive use of the electronic charge density. The manner in which the negative charge of an atom or a molecule
Molecular docking is a key tool in structural molecular biology and computer-assisted drug design. The goal of ligand—protein docking is to predict the predominant binding mode(s) of a ligand with a protein of known three-dimensional structure. Successful docking methods search high-dimensional spaces effectively and use a scoring function that correctly ranks candidate dockings. Garrett M. Morris and Marguerita Lim-Wilby, Molecular Docking, In Molecular Modeling of Proteins Methods in Molecular
particles for everything in the universe. How they are described is: Fermions are particles with a spin of an odd multiple of 1/2 (1/2, 3/2, 5/2). Two types of basic fermion exist, the quark and the lepton. These fermions are subject to Pauli Exclusion Principle which states that no particle can exist in the same state in the same place at the same time. Quarks and Leptons have something known as "flavor". Flavor is just a name for the type particle of a class. Since all fermions have flavor, they
Quark: a fermion which is believed to be one of the fundamental constituents of matter. All quarks have a fractional electric charge1. This pretty much means quarks have ½ spin (rotate two full rotations to get to place it started), apply to Pauli Exclusion Principle, is one of the things that make up all matter, and its electric charge is a fraction. There are three different colors of quark; red, green, and blue. The colors always up to white. Also there are three different kinds of antiquark; cyan
An octet rule is a chemical rule that indicates that the atoms of the main group elements have a tendency to combine in a manner that makes every atom to possess eight electrons in its valence shell. This combination gives atom to have an electronic configuration which is the same as the electronic configuration of noble gasses. The octet rule applies to oxygen, nitrogen, halogen gas and carbon. Besides, it is appropriate for metals like magnesium and sodium (Califano, 2012). 2 Aufbau rule asserts
Evolution of Density Functional Theory (DFT) Quantum Theory The idea of atom existed as early as the Greek and Indian civilizations, but more as a philosophical thought rather than a well-defined theory based on empirical evidence. Atom was assumed as something that is indestructible and the smallest component that makes up matter. It took almost 2000 years for the development of modern day atomic theory with proof for the existence of atoms and further subatomic particles. The archaeological classification
Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and can be perceived by one or more senses; a physical body, a physical substance, or the universe as a whole. There are four distinct states of matter: solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. There are other states of matter such as Bose-Einstein condesates and neutron degenerate matter, but those states can only be found under extreme conditions. These phases can go from one to another when affected by certain things, which is known as phase changes
The Atom An atom is the smallest unit of matter that is recognizable as a chemical ELEMENT. Atoms of different elements may also combine into systems called MOLECULES, which are the smallest units of chemical COMPOUNDS. In all these ordinary processes, atoms may be considered as the ancient Greeks imagined them to be: the ultimate building blocks of matter. When stronger forces are applied to atoms, however, the atoms may break up into smaller parts. Thus atoms are actually composites
wolves are scared away. Such a theory as that of the Vikings would be seen as absurd in today’s... ... middle of paper ... ...se Theory by Dr Michio Kaku." YouTube. YouTube, 12 June 2009. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. . "Quantum Mechanics: The Uncertainty Principle." YouTube. YouTube, 23 Jan. 2010. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. . "Scientists Confirm That Reality is an Illusion Our 3D Universe Is A Hologram." YouTube. YouTube, 15 Feb. 2013. Web. 24 Nov. 2013. . "The Particle Adventure | Particle decays and annihiliations
Nonuniversal Effects in Bose-Einstein Condensation In 1924 Albert Einstein predicted the existence of a special type of matter now known as Bose-Einstein condensation. However, it was not until 1995 that simple BEC (Bose-Einstein condensation) was observed in a low-density Bosonic gas. This recent experimental breakthrough has led to renewed theoretical interest in BEC. The focus of my research is to more accurately determine basic properties of homogeneous Bose gases. In particular nonuniversal