living things? Lipids are what help create all the living things we see everyday. Lipids are found in all membranes, mainly plasma membranes, meaning animals and plants contain lipids. In this paper I will display and explain the formation of micelles and bi-layers from lipid amphiphilicity. A variety of books were used to study different types of lipids; the three major components, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and sterols, and their affects in the cellular and multicultural systems
= 9-10) Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C Hydrophobic group Figure 2.1: Hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups of some surfactant molecules. 10 X-100, C8H17-C6H4-(OC2H4)nOH,C14H22O(C ammonium C16TAB, C19H42BrN) Hydrophilic group O(C2H4O)n) 11 2.2 MICELLE FORMATION BY SURFACTANTS In a phenomenon termed the “hydrophobic effect”, 4 surfactants act the way they do in aqueous systems due to their nature/structure and the nature/structure of water. Once a surfactant monomer is added to water, water forms
To be clean or not to be !!! What is soap?? What is detergent??? SOAP A soap has a large non-ionic hydrocarbon group and an ionic group COO-Na+ soap Soaps are the sodium and potassium salts of the long chain carboxylic acid. A soap molecule consists of a long hydrocarbon chain (composed of carbons and hydrogens) with a carboxylic acid on one end which is ionic bonded to metal ions usually a sodium or potassium. Examples of Soaps Sodium Stearate Sodium Palmitate Sodium Oleate
Identify and describe the six major processes involved in gastrointestinal activity. The six major processes involved in gastrointestinal activity include: ingestion (substance enter the oral cavity of the digestive track), mechanical processing (mastication consist of chewing/breaking down the substance and peristalsis consisting of involuntary contraction that assist the movement of food through the esophagus and intestinal tracts), digestion (chemical break down of substance into smaller fragments
self-associate to form structures called micelles. When the concentration exceeds the CMC, a detergent becomes capable of solubilizing hydrophobic and amphipathic molecules, such as lipids, into mixed micelles or micellar aggregates( ). In micelles, the amphiphilic lipid has a tail that forms a core that encapsulates an oil droplet or dirt particle and a head that maintains contact with the surrounding water environment. To work effectively, the chemical formation of micelles is not enough to remove oil or
Liposomes are Drug-Delivery Vehicles Liposomes are artificial prepared vesicles which are composed of the lipid bilayer. They can be used as a vehicle for nutrients and pharmaceutical drug administration. Liposomes are prepared by disrupting the biological membranes by sonication. Liposomes are closed vehicles that contain both lipophilic and a hydrophilic region. The formation of these vesicles is made by hydrating a mixture of cholesterol and a phospholipid. There are many different approaches
The micelle we created is a viable capsule capable of benignly delivering medicine inside the human body, and my mentor has recently informed me of his continued research on the
Proteins are large molecules that play an integral role in the body’s function. Proteins perform functions in the body such as enzyme catalysis, DNA replication, cell signaling, and transportation of molecules from one location to another. Proteins are made up of smaller units called amino acids, which are made from the 20 amino acids. What makes proteins differ from one another is the specific sequence of amino acids and their three-dimensional structure. There are four distinct structures a protein
It consists of Kevlar and other polyamides LC polymers. This surfactant have a hydrophilic and hydrophobic part. In concentrated system, liquid crystal forms due to packing of micelles. This basically gives an idea about different polymers and possible attachments on polymers. An example of such a polymer is Kevlar and polyamides. Lyotropic Main Chain Liquid Crystal Polymers Liquid crystalline solution are also form in Lyotropic
Introduction Emulsion is a mixture of two liquids that is not naturally mix together which one of the liquids being dispersed as small spherical droplets. There are two types of emulsion which is oil-in-water and water-in-oil. Oil-in-water emulsion is the dispersed oil droplets in an aqueous phase of a system. For example, milk dressing and mayonnaise. In contrast, water-in-oil emulsion is the dispersed of water droplet in an oil phase of a system. For example, margarine and butter. The substance
valuable protein is separated from milk through a practice called ultrafiltration (“Casein Protein” 1). Since casein is somewhat insoluble, it often forms structures named “micelles” that increase water solubility. Micelles, simply put, are a mass of molecules in a colloidal mixture. When milk is pasteurized, heat causes casein and micelle structures to become disturbed, therefore breaking them apart to form simpler structures. Casein is composed of a group of like phosphoproteins that are found in mammalian
particles. When water and detergent are mixed together, they cluster and form molecules called micelles. (Reckitt Benckiser, 2012) When the micelles encounter oil particles, they surround the particle and the hydrophobic end, which is the nonpolar end of surfactant, bonds with the nonpolar oil particle while the hydrophilic end, which is the polar end of surfactant, bonds with the water. This breaks down the micelle
FOOD MATERIAL CHACTERISTIC PAPER Flavor Hydrophobic part of protein interact with lipid. The interaction can be strong and it is difficult for lipid to be removed from protein. When lipid has a flavor or if it reacts to produce flavor, the protein might be considered to contributed to the flavor of the prooduct. Most of the flavor compound are volatile and lipid soluble. Protein degradation also contribute to the flavor of the product. It is usually has a negative effect for the product and result
2.1 Surfactant and biosurfactant The amphiphilic molecules which is known as surfactants have been used widely in different industries including petroleum, environmental, food, agricultural, bioprocessing, cosmetic, and biological industries. Surfactants contain a hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part which make them capable to reduce surface and interfacial tension of liquids. However, these compounds are chemically synthesized which is mainly petroleum-based and toxic to the environment. These
2.4.1 Peroxide based Bleaching Agents These products usually contains hydrogen peroxide or one of its precursors as an oxidizing agent a. Hydrogen peroxide (HP,H2O2) is an effective bleaching agent. It is a pale blue liquid and is slightly more viscous than water. The molar mass of hydrogen peroxide is 34.0147g/mol .As the molecular weight of hydrogen peroxide is low it can penetrate dentin and break the bond of organic and inorganic compound inside the dentinal tubules[36] .The photolysis of hydrogen
Research Question How does different concentration of sodium hydroxide and type of oil used affect the cleansing property of soap and its pH? Introduction Soap has been an inseparable part of human lives since 2800 B.C when the first soap-like substance was discovered in Ancient Babylons. The chemical reaction in the process of making soap is called saponification. The word saponification is used to honor Mount Sapo where the Romans learnt to make soap from their animal sacrificing tradition.
Since humans are heterotrophs, they rely on the food they eat to provide their bodies with the energy needed to carry out vital cellular functions. Humans require six essential nutrients for survival: water, vitamins, minerals and three macronutrients; carbohydrates, lipids and proteins (Bowers et al, 2002). These macronutrients are often ingested as polymers, long chains of repeated basic molecular units called monomers, which are too large to be absorbed by cells directly. The digestive system
Background Twist1 (class A basic helix-loop-helix protein 38) is a transcription factor, that promotes the stability of upstream regulation through phosphorylation and ubiquitination, during early development.5 The various functional properties of Twist1 were first discovered in Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. This syndrome results from a mutation that causes Twist1 to lose its function, leading to coronal synostosis (cranium disfigurements) and impediments in mental capacity.6 Similarly, cancerous
to myristic acid via hydrolysis. In terms of reagents and product’s character, sodium myristate has the yellowish look in polar solutions like water because it is lipids that congregate into small droplet called a micelle. Thus, the nonpolar sides congregate on the inside of the micelle and polar ionic ends at the outside surface of the globule. The nonpolar inside dissolves the grease molecules and the ionic outside is washed away. As the result, the myristic acid will form. Based on the stoichiometry
There are two main types of transport: Active transport and Passive Transport. Passive transport is the movement of ions or molecular substances across the cell membrane without requiring energy. Also, in passive transport, there is another type of transport called facilitated diffusion. In facilitated diffusion, energy is not required either and protein channels are lined to make the diffusion of bigger molecules through a semipermeable membrane. On the other hand, active transport requires energy