There are many adaptations that can occur in thermophiles but some of the most common adaptations are an increased number of large hydrophilic residues, disulfide bonds, and ionic interactions. Adapting to have a large hydrophobic core is important when it comes to the folding and stability of the protein. Increasing disulfide bonds is important in preventing alteration to the protein structure. The increased disulfide bonds are also important in oligomerization. An example of this would be citrate synthetase fromprobaculum aerophium which showed that their use of disulfide bonds to create cyclized protein chains kept them form separating and allowing themselves to withstand the heat. Ionic interaction adaptations are seen in the desolvation …show more content…
They are usually made up of surfactants, which are surface active agents which reduce the surface tension of water by absorbing the common boundary between more than one liquid (3). The amphipathic character of detergents is evident in their structures, which consist of a polar (or charged) head group and a hydrophobic tail. Depending on the head of the detergent they can either be ionic, nonionic, and zwitterionic. This is dependent on the stereochemistry of the entire detergent. Detergent monomers self-associate to form structures called micelles. When the concentration exceeds the CMC, a detergent becomes capable of solubilizing hydrophobic and amphipathic molecules, such as lipids, into mixed micelles or micellar aggregates( ). In micelles, the amphiphilic lipid has a tail that forms a core that encapsulates an oil droplet or dirt particle and a head that maintains contact with the surrounding water environment. To work effectively, the chemical formation of micelles is not enough to remove oil or grease; mechanical energy (scrubbing or water flow) is often required …show more content…
The studied structure was the one of the E. coli glycerol uptake facilitator (GlpF), which is an aquaglyceroporin, i.e., the channel is also permeable to small linear sugar molecules such as glycerol. Nanosecond MD simulations of tetrameric GlpF in a hydrated patch of POPE lipid bilayer characterized the complete pathway of substrate conduction in the channel. Analysis of hydrogen bond interactions of the substrate with the interior of the channel also explained for the first time why these channels incorporate in their architecture two characteristic loops, including energetically unfavorable secondary structure elements, which are conserved in the whole aquaporin family (Jensen et al., Structure, 2001).
The purpose of this laboratory is to learn about cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics that are used in identifying bacterial isolates. Besides identifying the unknown culture, students also gain an understanding of the process of identification and the techniques and theory behind the process. Experiments such as gram stain, negative stain, endospore and other important tests in identifying unknown bacteria are performed. Various chemical tests were done and the results were carefully determined to identify the unknown bacteria. First session of lab started of by the selection of an unknown bacterium then inoculations of 2 tryptic soy gar (TSA) slants, 1 nutrient broth (TSB), 1 nutrient gelatin deep, 1 motility
Fig. 2(A) shows the phase diagrams of IPM, water, and surfactant mixtures at the ratios of 60:40, 65:35, and 70:30 (v/v), respectively. Fig. 2(B) shows the phase diagrams of ethyl oleate, water, and surfactant mixtures at ratios of 90:10, 95:5 and 100:0, respectively. Filled circles mean self-emulsifying points, and black areas represent the self-emulsifying regions. In other area, the compositions showed inverted emulsion, gel-like form, or phase-separation. In general, when the oil content in the oil and surfactant mixtures is ≤30%, the condition of the mixtures changed from water-in-oil emulsion to a clear gel-like form and then to microemulsion. Otherwise, the dispersions showed phase separation, this result was similar to the results previously studied by Guo et al. [16]. Our finding showed that IPM + surfactant mixture (65:35, v/v) and ethyl oleate + surfactant mixture (90:10, v/v) showed the most self-emulsifying regions (Fig. 2). Overall, in contrast to IPM + surfactant mixture (65:35, v/v), ethyl oleate + surfactant mixture (90:10, v/v) showed finer emulsion in larger self-emulsifying range. These results indicate that ethyl oleate and Tween 80:Carbitol (90:10, v/v) were identified as the optimal oil
The Thermus Aquaticus project’s purpose is to identify a species of thermophilic bacteria found in a local hot spring, Vulcan Hot Springs, through genetic sequencing and analysis. The polymerase gene in other Thermus bacterias has proven useful in genetic reactions. The Vulcan bacteria grows at a higher temperature than other thermophilic bacterias, giving it the potential to have a more effective polymerase gene than what is currently available. My own research has been focused on designing effective primers for the polymerase gene in the bacteria. I have designed primers based on the similarities between the Vulcan bacteria and known Thermus species found in GenBank after growing, isolating, running polymerase chain reaction (PCR), running gel electrophoresis, and sequencing samples in the labs at Cascade High School and Idaho National Laboratories. I have not been able to obtain consistent and correct results from these primers.
To calibrate the thermometer that I bought from Irvine Valley College, I followed the steps given by my Astronomy 20 teacher, Roy McCord. First, I purchased distilled water. I then found a reliable source, to research the point at which water freezes and boils in Celsius. Water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C.
Planaria are one of many free-living flat worms that can be found in marine, aquatic, and terrestrial environments. Certain characteristics of planaria worms include an acoelomate body, a gut with no anus, lack of a blood vascular system, and a simple nervous system. The main reason as to why planaria are subjected to many studies is because of their unique ability to regenerate. Regeneration is the ability to re-grow lost body parts that may have been cut off. This is possible because the organism has the ability to form a blastema, which is an accumulation of undifferentiated cells, at the site of the wound. Regeneration is capable of occurring at various degrees throughout the animal kingdom. This unique process would never be able to be seen in human beings. Humans and other mammals
In biology class, we were learning about enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that help catalyze chemical reactions in our bodies. In the lab, we were testing the relationship between the enzyme catalase and the rate of a chemical reaction. We predicted that if there was a higher percentage of enzyme concentration, then the rate of chemical reaction would increase or it would take less time. We placed 1 ml of hydrogen peroxide into four depressions. Underneath the first depression, we place 1 ml of 100% catalase and make 50% dilution with 0.5 ml of water. We take 50% of that solution and dilute with 0.5 ml of water and we repeat it two more times. there were four depressions filled with catalase: 100%, 50%, 25% , 12.5 % with the last three diluted
The porpoise of these is to determine the Specific Heat. Also known as Heat Capacity, the specific heat is the amount of the Heat Per Unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius. The relationship between heat and temperature changed is usually expected in the form shown. The relationship does not apply if a phase change is encountered because the heat added or removed during a phase change does not change the temperature.
explain the formation of micelles and bi-layers from lipid amphiphilicity. A variety of books were
Therefore, oil and water do not mix. This is why Oil does not dissolve when you run water over it. How does the oil wash off your hands if the water isn¡¦t soluble with the oil? This is where soap comes in. While soaps head is attracted to water its tail is attracted to non-polar substances such as oil. When oil and grease etc. mix with oil it creates a slightly polar substance because of the head group. This makes the oil soluble with water allowing you to wash off your hands with water and rinse the grease off.
Activity 3: Investigating Osmosis and Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes. In this activity, through the use of dialysis sacs and varying concentrations of solutions, the movement of water and solutes will be observed through a semipermeable membrane. The gradients at which the solutes NaCl and glucose diffuse is unproportional to any other molecule, therefore they will proceed down their own gradients. However, the same is not true for water, whose concentration gradient is affected by solute ...
This is an example of a soap molecule. The hydrocarbon end is non polar and hydrophilic (water hating) and the carboxylate end is polar and hydrophilic (water loving). This the property which allows it to clean, it acts as an emulsifying agent. The soap disperses in water to form miscelles where a negatively charged surface is formed and hydrocarbon chains are in the centre. These miscelles surround droplets of dirt or grease suspending them in the water so they can be washed away.
Another group of lipids is soups and detergents these lipids are also known as car...
Record, C.~F. Anderson and T.~M. Lohman, ‘Thermodynamic Analysis of Ion Effects on the Binding and Conformational Equilibria of Proteins and Nucleic Acids: The Roles of Ion Association or Release, Screening, and Ion Effects on Water Activity’, Q.~Rev.~Biophys., 11.June 1978 (1978), 103–78 .
This study focused on the enzyme invertase, which breaks down sucrose to glucose and fructose. Invertase produces high activity roughly in the range of pH 3-8 and the optimal pH is 4.5 (Wang, 2008). The rate of the reaction thrives in a range of 40˚C to 60˚C (Schiweck, 2007). This enzyme contains disulfide linkages in its three-dimensional structure represented in figure 1 (RCSB protein data base). These bonds will determine the enzymes activity. If the disulfide bonds were degraded, the enzyme would become inactive. Therefore, under environmental conditions the temperature or pH can facilitate the destruction of the disulfide
Water alone can’t remove dirt. Soap allows oil and to mix so the dirt can be effectively removed. Surfactants lower the tension in water and help break down the oil and grease. Detergents have hydrophobic chemical chains which are repelled by water, whereas hydrophilic chains are attracted to water. In general, hydrophobic and hydrophilic chains work together to attack oil and water and break them down faster and easier.