The main ingredient in cleaning agents are chemicals called surfactants. It is made from the words surface active agents.
Surfactants have a nonpolar end and a polar end, otherwise known as the hydrophobic end and hydrophilic end respectively. The hydrophobic end bonds with oily particles while the hydrophilic end bonds with water particles. When water and detergent are mixed together, they cluster and form molecules called micelles. (Reckitt Benckiser, 2012) When the micelles encounter oil particles, they surround the particle and the hydrophobic end, which is the nonpolar end of surfactant, bonds with the nonpolar oil particle while the hydrophilic end, which is the polar end of surfactant, bonds with the water. This breaks down the micelle
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It is the tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimise surface area. This means that water molecules tend to clump together in droplets. For water to clean better, its surface tension needs to be reduced such that it wets things more uniformly instead of in drops. This is what a surfactant does. Surfactants reduce water’s surface tension and allow it to spread over surfaces. With a decreased surface tension, water molecules can bond easier with the hydrophilic ends of surfactants and clean …show more content…
Surfactants are the main component that is governing my experiment. When I stir the cleaning agents and oil together, an emulsion is formed. An emulsion is when oil particles are held in suspension. The surfactants act as emulsifiers to keep the oil and cleaning agent mixed such that the oil molecules cannot “clump together”. Hence, since bleach has no surfactants, it has no emulsifier to stabilise the emulsion created and there is no difference observed in the volume of oil before and after stirring.
The bleach that I used is chlorine bleach, which contains sodium hypochlorite, its main ingredient. Bleach cleans by the process called oxidation. Bleach does not actually remove stains, it just makes them colourless. It breaks the chemical bonds of a chromophore, which is a part of a molecule that has colour, such that the substance does not chromophore, or it contains a chromophore that does not absorb visible
The purpose of this experiment was to examine how the stoichiometry, “the quantitative relationships between substances involved in a chemical reaction”, can be applied to determine the quantity of sodium hypochlorite found in a bleach product. This experiment allowed it to determine how much oxidizing agent is in a cleaner by using a redox reaction, which is a reaction involving the transfer of electrons from the compound being oxidized to the compound being reduced. To determine the amount of oxidizing agent, it is necessary to accurately measure out known amounts of redox reactants, know the stoichiometry
Phoeung T., Morfin Huber L. & Lafleur M., 2009. Cationic Detergent/Sterol Mixtures Can Form Fluid Lamellar Phase and Stable Unilamellar Vesicles. Langmuir, 10, 5778-5784.
They are also used in a variety of common products and processes. Sodium lauryl sulfate is a strong detergent used for removing oils and grease and is found in many household cleaning products, face and body washes and shampoos.
How does all this help soap clean things? Well soap dissolves in water. There is nothing special about this, since many substances have this property. Water is polar; the H2O molecules have an attraction for other polar substances such as soap, which is polar on the oxygen end of the molecule. When soap is added to water its head group, which is hydrophilic, is attracted to the water. Oil and grease etc. is non-polar, so only non-polar substances will dissolve in it.
For serious accumulations of dirt or other materials or substances, a hose can be used to clear away the debris. Even notoriously difficult substances like oil will not stick to or stain the surfacing.
The city’s water resources being a river, ground water and a reservoir are prone to having hazardous pathogens harmful to anyone who consumes water from the plant. Chlorination in water treatment is a common practice which is used to disinfect water from disease, however, it is known that when microbes attach to or are within particles of water they are protected from chlorine treatments. An alternate solution to chlorine is chloramine. Chloramine is the addition of ammonia to the chlorine compound. Once chloramine becomes in contact with water it is known as monochloramine. According to Gerstein (pg 719. 1931) and Holwerda (pg 719.1928) the germicidal properties were less when ammonia in chloramine was present. Monochloramine lasts a lot longer in water than chlorine therefore protecting the water from disease for a longer period of time. The water supply network consists of numerous pipes that potentially carry disease in them.
...is for this experiment is: “If you increase the amount of drops of bleach mixed into a blue dye solution, then the total amount of time for the blue dye in the solution to disappear will decrease.” In other words, I think that the blue dye in the solution will disappear faster when you increase the amount of bleach. The research that I gathered helped me understand better of why and how I am going to do my experiments in the way I am doing them. It also supports my hypothesis. It supports my hypothesis because I found out that there is an active ingredient in bleach known as the hypochlorite molecule. This molecule helps break the bonds in pigment molecules so I think that the more bleach used, the faster the bonds will break apart. In this experiment, I will be finding out how much dye are mixed in sports drinks and what is the reaction rate of bleach and blue dye.
sulfate is an anionic type of detergent and surfactant found in a variety of shampoos. There are many classes of detergents that clean in different ways. Some other classes such as anionic, cationic, amphoteric, nonionic, and natural surfactants. Anionic detergents are most common surfactants utilized in cleansing shampoos.. They are named for their negatively charged hydrophilic polar group. Anionic detergents are from fatty alcohols and are exceptionally adept at removing sebum from the scalp and hair. Unfortunately, the aesthetics of thoroughly cleaned hair are not well accepted by the consumer. Hair devoid of all sebum is harsh, rough, subject to static electricity, dull, and hair that needs detangling. The art of shampoo formulation is achieving the right balance between hair that is sufficiently clean and hair that is too clean. There are several common detergents categorized within the anionic
National Research Council. 1989. Using oil pollution dispersants on the sea. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Surface Tension: The contractive tendency of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. This is measured in Newton.
If your shampoo claims to be a non sulfate shampoo, then it indicates that it does not contain any one of the three commonly used sulfate compounds:
This is an example of a soap molecule. The hydrocarbon end is non polar and hydrophilic (water hating) and the carboxylate end is polar and hydrophilic (water loving). This the property which allows it to clean, it acts as an emulsifying agent. The soap disperses in water to form miscelles where a negatively charged surface is formed and hydrocarbon chains are in the centre. These miscelles surround droplets of dirt or grease suspending them in the water so they can be washed away.
Mild abrasives to brush off any unwanted particles and light stains. Examples of abrasives include calcium carbonate, dehydrated silica gels, hydrated aluminum oxides, magnesium carbonate, phosphate salts and silicates.
Laundry detergents have ingredients which consist of calcium and magnesium in washing solutions which provide its advantage to eradicate dirt or stains from our clothes with more efficiency than just normal water. Although laundry detergents can help remove dirt, stains, or germs like bacteria on our clothes, they may contain strong and dangerous chemicals. Laundry detergents can be a risk if swallowed, and cause nausea, vomiting, convulsions, irritated skin and eye, or even comas. In addition, you must keep these substance away from your child since they might not know what it is and might try
The growing relevance of Chemical Engineering in today’s world, from energy & oil industries to pharmaceuticals & biotechnology, and a keen desire for applying this knowledge in interrelated spheres motivates me to pursue a Master’s degree in this field. My interest in science goes back to the time when I was in school. We had a young and enthusiastic teacher who took us on field trips and visits to science fairs and museums. This nascent interest has only burgeoned through my years in school and high school, as I have learnt more about the subject. In the long run, I see myself as a part of a leading research group, either as a faculty member or in the R&D department of an organisation contributing my bit to the field of Chemical Engineering. As a research scientist, I hope to make a difference in this field and learn more through the innovative challenges.