Hallucinogens: a general group of pharmacological agents that can be divided into three broad categories: psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants. Hallucinogenic drugs have played a role in civilization for thousands of year. It began with naturally occurring hallucinogens, such as the peyote cactus plant and wild mushrooms. Now there are man made drugs that have the same or more intense affects. These include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), MDMA (ecstasy), and dextromethorphan (DMX, often
Hallucinates are derived from plants or the fungus that grows on plants, the first recorded hallucination was a tossup between mental issues that were then used for a political push or the ergotamine during the Salem witch trails in 1962, far after that Albert Hofmann became the creator of LSD from ergotamine a chemical from the fungus ergot, in Switzerland 1938. From that time LSD has played a part in history, studies have shown that much has changed in the half-century since LSD was first used
Lysergic acid diethylamide, abbreviated LSD, is one of the most powerful substances in the world. Named LSD-25, as it was the 25th compound deriving from lysergic acid systematically developed by its chemist inventor, was first synthesized in 1938 and discovered to be psychoactive in 1943. It would reach peak popularity as a street drug in the 60’s and by 1968 it became illegal to possess. Hallucinogens produce quite a complex experience that affects the physical sense, the mind, and alter the
considerable evidence for a significant geneti... ... middle of paper ... ... concern with a fungus-based drug class called the ergotamine derivatives (e.g., dihydroergotamine), which also act as agonists at 5-HT receptors throughout the body and are much less specific than the triptans. Because of this potential for additive effects, administration of triptans and ergotamine derivatives should be separated by 24 hours. Lastly, overuse of acute migraine medications can lead to rebound headache symptoms
Migraines are one of the most common, episodic disorders, in which the patient experiences a severe headache that may also accompany with nausea, and/or light and sound sensitivity. Migraine pain can be mild to severe in intensity and can last four to seventy hours (Buttaro, Trybulski, Bailey, and, Sandberg-Cook, 2013). It usually has a preliminary period in which patients can experience tiredness, decreased concentration, irritability, and noticeable yawning. Warning signs like these may occur
neuropeptide release and neurogenically induced inflammation, which is their proposed mechanism of action in migraine. They also act on the alpha adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways . The ergot alkaloids that are used as migraine abortives include ergotamine tartrate (ET) and dihydroergotamine mesylate (DHE) (Migranol, Valeant), which are available in injectable and nasal spray
patients need to tell their primary MD if they have the following conditions: liver disease, kidney disease, myasthenia gravis, or a heart rhythm disorder. Azithromycin should not be used with digoxin, cyclosporine, phenytoin, dihydroergotamine, and ergotamine because it may increase the toxicity level of those drugs. Food may also reduce its ability to absorb by half of its full potential. Azithromycin needs to be used with caution when dealing with older adult with liver or kidney impairment, gastrointestinal
Migraines and Treatments Our patient Ms. Blum is a 28-year-old white female who presents with symptoms of a migraine, such as waking up by a severe headache that she states is often made worse when she turns on the light. In addition, Ms. Blum presents with several factors that can trigger her migraines including her lack of sleep, her stressful life as concluded by her statement that this has been a difficult period in her life and her approaching deadline to turn in her dissertation, her weekend
What caused the Salem Witch Trials? This question has been asked for hundreds of years, yet the world still isn't sure of the answer. The only statement that can be proven is that there were multiple causes (salemwitchtrials.com). No one factor pushed the trials into existence. Even simple things, like fear, took a part in the overall cause. To this day, scientists and researchers alike still argue over the answer to this riddling question. In the early winter months of 1692, in colonial Massachusetts
but in the 1970’s, a college undergraduate suggested ergot poisoning might be to blame. Ergotism – ergot poisoning – is born from the fungus Claviceps purpurea, which is known to infect rye and other cereal grains, it produces a chemical known as ergotamine which is the base for toxic hallucinogenic chemicals such as LSD. [2] Studies have shown that the consumption of ergot-contaminated food results in symptoms much like those associated with the afflicted girls in Salem, 1692. [2] Collectively, Ergot
Ninety percent of Americans have experienced a headache at some point in their lives. Only four percent of the entire Earth’s population has never experienced a headache. This is not surprising since there are so many different types of headaches. The two major groups of headaches are primary and secondary. The primary headache group consists of Tension Type Headaches, Migraines, and Cluster Headaches. The secondary headache group consists of Cervicogenic Headaches, Posttraumatic Headache Syndrome
always taken orally, by way of sugar cubes, infused into treats, or more commonly in blotters. It is very strong at low doses, and it was the famous drug that changed America drastically in the 1960’s. LSD-25 was first synthesized in 1938 from ergotamine, a chemical derived from ergot, which is a fungus that grows on grains, typically rye. LSD is not physically addictive, but it can be psychologically addictive. This means that if you get very used to being high on LSD, if you stop taking it there
In all of human history, people have written about inhuman beings, many of which include gods, demons, wizards, sorcerers, and witches. Nowadays, mystical beings are seen everywhere in media. Most of society stopped believing in these creatures years ago, but for 17th century Salem, witchcraft became a living nightmare (Fremon, 1999 The reason for the bizarre events that occurred during the Salem witch trials of 1692 and 1693 in Massachusetts has been the focus of speculation and curiosity for