Laminin 332 Laminin 332 is present in the BMZ of nearly all epithelial tissues in the human body [140]. Furthermore, laminin 332 is the main component found at the upper lamina densa/lamina lucida border at the base of the anchoring filaments [120]. Mutations in laminin 332 are linked to a condition that causes skin fragility and severe blistering, which is known as junctional epidermolysis bullosa [141-143]. Moreover, the absence of laminin 332 expression considerably disrupts the epidermal adhesion
Millions of people were left to die and others less fortunate continued to live, trapped within their frozen and emotionless bodies. EL causes an inflammation of the brain, targeting the brain stem, which is home to critical motor components like the Basal Ganglia and Substantia Nigra. As it progresses, patients feel rigidity, muscle twitching and tremors similar to Parkinsonism. The current theory on the cause of EL is due to an immune reaction to a streptococcus like bacteria. The film “Awakenings”
Huntington's Disease Huntington's disease, or Huntngton's chorea, is a genetic disease that causes selective neural cell death, which results in chorea, or irregular, jerking movements of the limbs caused by involuntary muscle contractions, and dementia. It can cause a lack of concentration and depression. It also may cause atrophy of the caudate nucleus, a part of the brain. However, symptoms vary between individuals, with some sufferers showing symptoms that others do not. Those suffering from
To many, marijuana is seen as a horrible narcotic that causes many physical and social problems. To others, it's a harmless drug that gives the body a relaxing sensation. Marijuana can be found on many college campuses and high schools. It is estimated that at least 70 million Americans have tried it, and of those people, 10-14% become dependent of the drug (1). Marijuana is often referred to as the "gateway" drug, leading the user to more serious narcotics. Marijuana users experience different sensations
There is not a reason known as to why a person contracts Parkinson’s disease. There is no mystery as to what causes it, but when it comes to a cure and why it happens, that is the real mystery that medical experts have been trying to discover for years. When it comes down to some cases, Parkinson’s disease is genetically linked to a past relative. Other than the genetically inherited cases, no one knows why Parkinson’s disease strikes the people it does. When a person is diagnosed with Parkinson’s
How were Georgopoulos et al. able to predict the direction of movement using only neural activity? Georgopoulos et al. used standard electrophysiological techniques to collect extracellular recordings of the activity of single neurons in the motor cortex (contralateral to the arm that would be performing the movement). Neurons that changed activity in response to spontaneous activity of the arm or movements directed toward food rewards were selected. Each neuron’s frequency of discharge was used
The basal ganglia (BG) are responsible for a variety of functions, specifically providing adequate voluntary motor activity. They are an organized network, where different parts are activated for specific functions and circumstances. The motor circuit of the basal ganglia is the focus in this disease because PD is mainly thought to be a movement disorder (Obeso et al., 2008). Therefore
Abramovitz, Melissa. Parkinson's Disease. San Diego, CA: Thomson/Gale, 2005. Print. Goldmann, David R., and David A. Horowitz. American College of Physicians Home Medical Guide to Parkinson's Disease. New York: Dorling Kindersley Pub., 2000. Print. Mandal, Ananya. "Parkinson's Disease History." News-Medical.net. N.p., 2013. Web. 08 Oct. 2016. ParkinsonDotOrg. "National Parkinson Foundation: Believe in Better." National Parkinson Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2016.Biology Research Paper:
Music is part of our daily life. We listen to music in our special event, when we are in our way to classes, and while we are taking our shower. We listened to music when we were kids, and we still enjoy this sensation of this magic waves that enter into our brains. However, we do not know what exactly happens to our brain when this waves attain our nerves. We cannot understand how we like a kind of music, and we dislike another one. We will be very surprised to know that music helps us in different
The acute disease, Parkinson’s, is a chronic and progressive movement disorder, meaning symptoms continue and worsen over time. For this dreadful disease to cease, it is going to require combined effort on the part of many people. Michael J. Fox foundation, also known as MJFF, is necessary to continue because it is the last hope to finding a cure to Parkinson’s disease. Michael J. Fox foundation is a very diligent place. The charity only deals with Parkinson’s disease. According to the foundation’s
substantia nigra causing modifications in the basal ganglia circuitry1. The prevailing model behind this understanding is the classical model: activation of the direct pathway MSNs stimulates movement while activation of the indirect inhibits4. The idea is that motor deficits observed in PD are caused by an underactive direct pathway and an overactive indirect pathway. This research examined the classical model by studying the activity of specific basal ganglia structures using optogenetics to control
motor performance depends on the interaction between automatic (unconscious) and volitional (cognitive) control of movement, however those with Parkinson's disease, experience an “early and preferential loss of dopamine in the caudal regions of the basal ganglia (dorsal regions in rodents), which leads to diminished automatic and increased cognitive control of movements that include frontal lobe circuitry” (p. 716). Consequently, those with Parkinson’s disease must sustain a larger cognitive load to
increase mobility and relieve pain but most of them have no cure. Corticobasal degeneration or sometimes also known as Cortical basal ganglionic degeneration (CBD) is a rare, degenerative condition that is characterized by “nerve cell loss and atrophy (shrinkage) of multiple areas of the brain” including the fronto-temporal region of the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia.
Parkinsonism: - Parkinsonism is a disorder of extrapyramidal system, characterized by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural disturbance. Parkinson’s disease (Paralysis Agitans) Parkinson’s disease (PD) most commonly affects person over the age of 55 year, and is characterized by: bradykinesia, rest tremor, rigidity and postural instability. (At least two of these and a response to levodopa should be usually present to make the diagnosis). The substantia nigra has two parts, the pars reticulata
Throughout history, treatments for Parkinson's disease have been informed by the technology available at the time. Ablation was widespread until medicines that provided superior effectiveness were discovered. Deep brain stimulation -not a new technology when it came into use as a PD treatment in the 1990s, but one whose potential had not been realized -provided further improvements, allowing for treatment when medications ceased to work. Deep brain stimulation allowed for a very powerful tool in
Music has incredible effects on the brain and body! Ever since the beginning of time, music has been around. It can influence the way a person thinks and behaves, and also social interactions. Teens are more susceptible to this (Revatto 1). Music can be used in therapy by helping people with depression, and can even be a more natural way to heal the body (“How Music...” 1). In some cases, songs and melodies can help or make diseases worse. Music is a powerful thing and can affect your brain and many
The current generation of children is completely different than the preceding ones. They are living in the digital age. “Technology has blended in with daily activity to become a way of life and children today take for granted all of which is automated. It is hard for kids nowadays to imagine a world that existed without all of the gadgets, electronics and seamless operations that computer technology provides.” (3) “Children in the United States devote some 40 hours a week to television, video games
Epidemiologic data suggest genetic, viral, and environmental toxins as possible causes. Nigral and basal loss of neurons with depletion of dopamine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, is the principal biochemical alteration in Parkinson disease. Symptoms in basal ganglia disorders result from an imbalance of dopaminergic (inhibitory) and cholinergic (excitatory) activity in the caudate and putamen of the basal ganglia. Parkinson disease begins after the age of 40 years, with peak age of onset between 58
and symptoms of this will only worsen as time goes on. Parkinson’s is the second most common neurodegenerative disease (Simpson, Murray, & Eccles, 2010). Parkinson’s disease is “Characterized by the degeneration of the substantia nigra within the basal ganglia, causing a gradual decrease of the neurotransmitter dopamine” (Webb & Adler, 2008, p. 296). This disease is yet to have a known cause, although researchers are working hard in search of one. In other words, Parkinson’s disease is described
Bradykinesia Perception is an intangible part of every being. It cannot be explained, defined, or nailed down the way that most scientists would like. In some ways, perception can be taught-a person's circumstance and background would cause him or her to perceive a situation in a particular way. In other ways, perception is unpredictable and ever changing. Even here, attempting to describe the indescribable, there are flaws in the last two sentences because they are based on the writer's perceptions