Nausea • Dizziness, insomnia • Anxiety, depression • Livedo reticularis Life-Threatening Effects • Congestive heart failure • Psychosis • Rare seizures • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Drug Interactions: • Agents with anticholinergic properties may potentiate the anticholinergic-like side effects of amantadine. • Coadministration of thioridazine has been reported to worsen the tremor in elderly patients with Parkinson’s disease • Coadministration of quinine or quinidine with amantadine was shown
Delirium and Its Adverse Effects on Elderly Patients in the Critical Care Environment This paper is designed to address the adverse effects of delirium associated with adult ICU patients with an emphasis on the elderly. Delirium is an acute state of confusion, attention, and perception. Though usually reversible, delirium is characterized by an inability to pay attention, disorientation, an inability to think clearly, and a fluctuation in ones level of consciousness (Aguirre, 2009). These changes
there were 37 atropine reports, 16 hyoscyamine reports, and 3 scopolamine reports from Federal, state, and local forensic laboratories. Anticholinergic plant poisonings reported American Association of poison Control Center’s National Poison Database (NPDS), suggest a raising trend in Datura use. Between the years 1983-1987, NPDS reported 74 intentional anticholinergic plant poisonings annual, in comparison to 2004-2008, NPDS reported 427 poisonings annually (Vearrier & Greenberg,
Vertigo and Its Treatment In our everyday lives, we almost take for granted this idea of balance or equilibrium that is maintained within our bodies. In general, no real thought processes are required. It is only when something is disturbed within our balance system that one is able to take notice of changes in the equilibrium. There may be several different factors that cause a disturbance to our bodies. One major area pertains to dizziness. Dizziness is found to be "the chief complaint in
secretory vesicles. Reserpine is used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic agent. It reduces blood pressure by decreasing amines in adrenal chromaffin granules. Physostigmine Physostigmine is a drug used for the treatment of severe anticholinergic syndrome. Such as nervous delirium, urinary reten...
Today there are various treatment options for those that suffer from mild, moderate, and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Staging COPD is the first step in treatment and in order to make a proper diagnosis physicians use the GOLD standard. GOLD stands for Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease and this staging method uses forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to classify the varying severities of COPD. FEV1 greater than 80% of their total exhaled breath
Dementia is characterized as a condition where the mental processes of cognition and memory start to deteriorate. It is described as a syndrome that hinders the daily lives of those who have it and is characterized by memory and thinking impairment. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer’s Disease and the second most common is vascular dementia. Dementia is a syndrome occurring usually, but not limited, to people over the age of 40 and is due to brain damage caused by natural deteriorating
Scopolamine is a prescription medication usually prescribed in the form of a transdermal patch. It is used to prevent symptoms associated with motion sickness, including nausea and vomiting. It has several other clinical uses as well. Scopolamine is commonly prescribed before travel on ships and airplanes when motion sickness is anticipated. This paper will explore several studies that have identified specific actions of scopolamine, including its effect when used at sea, its effect on cognitive
Contrast the mechanism of action of the barbiturates and the benzodiazepines as hypnotics. Discuss the advantages of the benzodiazepines over the barbiturates. There are specific benzodiazepine receptors in the nervous system that mostly surrounds the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and limbic system. Barbiturates have their own binding sites and modulate the chloride channel. They increase the duration of this channel, while benzodiazepines increase the frequency. Also barbiturates are less selective
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the most common chronic disease that affect the normal function of lungs. COPD is an obstructive lung disease and the inflammation and thickening of the airway makes breathing very difficult for patients with COPD1. COPD is often preventable and treatable. The severity of COPD depends on patient’s airflow limitation through their airways and degree of symptoms1. According to Global Initiative for COPD (GOLD), air flow limitation in COPD patients
• Sympathomimetics mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system; they help to dilate the bronchi and thus increase the rate and depth of respiration (Karch, p. 930) • Anticholinergics are often the drug of choice when sympathomimetics are contraindicated or ineffective. This class of drugs affects the vagus nerve. They antagonize acetylcholine action & thereby help to relax bronchial smooth muscle and promote bronchodilation- often in form of rescue-inhalers (Karch, p. 934). • Inhaled steroids
Clozapine Clozapine is an atypical anti-psychotic medication that acts as an antagonist (a drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter), thus producing an inhibitory effect, at a variety of neurotransmitter receptors in the brain. The exact site and action by which Clozapine produces its therapeutic effects is difficult to locate due to the complexity of its interactions with several neurotransmitters. It is believed that the two key neurotransmitters that Clozapine interacts with
auditory and microwave devices. Chemical methods include: olfactory, nerve agents, vesicants, irritants, nausea producing agents, Indole-based Psychedelics, Phenethylamine-Based Psychedelics, Opioids, Dissociative Anesthetics, Tranquilizers, and Anticholinergic Deliriants. The majority of studies is focused in the chemical type as this shows the most promise for success. Incapacitating agents, in some form, have been experimented with since as early as 600BC when Greek King Solon ordered his troops
Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures,1 and by the neurobiological, cognitive, psychological and social consequences of this condition. An epileptic seizure is a brief disturbance of consciousness, behavior, emotion, motor function, or sensation that is due to abnormal electrical discharge in the brain.2 In partial-onset epilepsy, these bursts of electrical activity are initially focused in specific areas of the brain, but may
As a child, I have always admired my brother for the work he has been doing for living. He works for a prestigious pharmaceutical organization, Ely Lilly in production and Development department. His passion of work is evident by the way he discusses about random molecules, unstable compounds, and active reactions with everyone at home. These discussions during my childhood made me curious about how a small pill can magically cure a person from an ailment. Why does it take long to get a pill in the
Botox Injections Botulinum toxin, also known as “Botox,” is a type of toxin injection used in modern medicine to reduce wrinkles and restore the aging face and body. There are two main types types: A and type B, which are used for treating disorders in the medical field which are available in various brands of botulinum injections including Botox, Xeomin, and Dysport. Skorin, (2004). Since 1989 the FDA approved botulinum injections for the treatment of facial wrinkles (as cited in Harvard Women’s
but will focus mainly on e-cigarettes. It should be noted that as e-cigarettes have not been tested thoroughly, therefore they can’t be marketed as a nicotine replacement therapy by UK law at time of writing. Summary Points Nicotine binds to anticholinergic receptors which in turn cause dopamine to be released-causing a reward-benefit system Nicotine is a highly toxic substance (LD40) which can affect the brain, central and autonomic nervous system In a nicotine overdose nausea, vomiting, confusion
the person might start hallucinating or having delusions. There isn’t any cure for Parkinson’s disease, but treatment help reduce and slower the symptoms of the disease. Prescription medication include dopamine agonists , MAO inhibitor and anticholinergic . Over-the-counter medication are vitamin E, C, and Coenzyme Q10 . Another type of treatment is Deep Brain Stimulation, or DBS; in which a small electrode is implant in your brain and it sends electrical impulses to stimulate the parts of the
incidence in more industrialized and urbanized societies, worldwide[4,5]. Nearly 7-10% of the world population suffers from bronchial asthma and India alone has an estimated burden of more than 15 million patients [6]. Currently bronchodilators (anticholinergics, selective β2-adrenergic agonists, methylxanthines, antihistaminics) and antiinflammatory agents (inhaled steroids, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers etc) are used in the treatment of asthma[7]. Despite the availability of a wide
Treatment of affected children via a timed voiding regimen, dietary modification, aggressive management of constipation, and sometimes anticholinergic or alpha-antagonist medication is effective. Henoch-Scho¨nlein purpura is a vasculitic syndrome that can affect the skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary system. Pain, erythema, and swelling of the scrotum and spermatic cord