The flexural strength of sea ice is crucial for ice going vessels and hence the knowledge of mechanical properties of ice is very important for the design of such vessels. The primary objective of this investigation is the numerical simulation of sea ice in four point bending using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), which being a mesh free method offers a lot of advantages over traditional grid-based approaches. The numerical results will be compared to earlier simulations of in situ four-point bending test results in terms of force, displacement and failure time. Further, the comparison of the SPH-based numerical simulations with results will serve as a basis to discuss the potential advantages and shortcomings of the mesh free particle method used to model flexural failure of sea ice.
INTRODUCTION
Ships, which operate in Arctic regions, are required to progress through level ice by initiating downward bending failure of the ice sheet and hence the knowledge of the mechanical properties of ice is quite important for the design of such vessels. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the mechanical properties of sea ice can contribute to reliable ice resistance simulations and thereby to a better design of ice going vessels and offshore structures. One of the key mechanical properties in this regard is the bending strength of ice because the mode of bending failure determines the load experienced by the ship in relatively thin ice, as found in the Baltic sea.
The mechanical properties of sea ice are dependent on ice crystal structure, elastic modulus, grain size, tensile and compressive strength, etc. All these factors should be taken into account to model ice accurately. To have a proper understanding of the ice failure behavior...
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Appears in Preprints, 18 th AMS Conf. Severe Local Storms (San Francisco, CA), 19-23 February 1996, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 471-473. Typos and other minor problems have been fixed in this Web version.
by ice, a man in a bad way is found and taken aboard. He is later
The sailors could not understand how she was able to swim in the freezing water.
The Iceman is kept in a glass vitrine with regulated temperature of -6℃ and humidity of 98% at glacier-like conditions.
Nowadays, it is a very dangerous and risky adventure to take a ship to the Northern Sea. We are so advanced in technology, but still no one wants to risk their lives. The captain and his crew were traveling during the navigation season, but they were facing fog and icebergs on their way. They were stuck in ice and mist for a whole day. Finally, around two o?clock the fog and mist was gone and they could only see the endless ice surrounding them.
In 1915, while amidst their expedition, the ship, Endurance, become lodged in a pack of ice. They tried to wait it out, through a winter of darkness, and even though the Endurance was drifting northward, the ice was too much for the Endurance to withstand. The ice broke the Endurance in half, forcing the dogs and crew off the ship. They would end up spending months trying to find land.
SS Arctic was a paddle steamer which ran transatlantic and mail steamship service during the 1850’s. Due to foggy conditions, SS Arctic collided with French steamer Vesta near Newfoundland in September 1854. There were not enough lifeboats on the ship and when it was apparent that the ship was going to sink the crew of SS Arctic were the first ones to occupy the lifeboats instead of following the women and children first policy. As a result of which, out of 400 people on board only 24 male passengers and 61 crew survived and none of the women or children could survive this tragedy.
Edward Smith is to blame because when they hit the iceberg they still went on while the ship had a hole in it filling with water. Once they knew that they were filling with water they closed all doors under the ship so it wouldn't sink as fast. They watched the as they went by the iceberg after they had hit it and
Have you ever wondered what dangers a mountain climber might face while climbing a frozen waterfall? Will Gadd has made many hard climbs in his life. His hardest one was climbing a frozen part of Niagra Falls in the middle of winter. Will Gadd new that if something went wrong he'd fall into the icy rapids below him. He's done many crazy things, battling white water rapids and paragliding over mountains. Nothing came close to climbing the frozen waterfalls.
The book opens with a scene of a ship in the Arctic Ocean. The ship is
“It took two hours and forty minutes for the titanic to sink, just long enough for 2,208 tragic performances to unfold, with the ships lights blazing” (Sides 2). April 1912 the white star line’s pride, the titanic, left for its voyage that would change history forever. While traveling through the Atlantic Ocean they collided with an ice berg causing fractures throughout the boat. The ice water filled the compartments causing the front of the boat to weigh down the back, separating the boat in two. Research shows that the cause of the Titanic’s sinking was due to a dramatic increase in the probability of running into an iceberg and its high speed while traveling through the North Atlantic Shipping Lanes in 1912. As a consequence of the sinking, the U.S. Coast Guard now runs the international ice patrol and monitors the ice bergs by radar and satellite. Also it is now required to carry binoculars and radio connector all times on a ship.
The Titanic began to turn, but it was too close and too heavy to avoid a collision. The ship's side scraped along the iceberg. At least five of its supposedly watertight com...
the hull is called friction. This slows the boat down. If a boat hull is designed
One of the major concerns in the design of marine infrastructures is the navigation safety adjacent to the breakwaters. In many cases, it is important to keep the amount of wave reflection in front of the breakwater to the minimal. The majority of the abovementioned breakwaters mainly serve as wave reflectors. It is hoped that the free surface semicircular breakwater considered for the present research would yield better performance characteristics by producing low reflection and desirable wave attenuation.