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Bioterrorism research paper
Case study of typhoid fever
Bioterrorism research paper
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In 1972, R.I.S.E, a terrorist group was found to be guilty for contaminating Chicago’s water supply. The alleged plot to poison water was led by Steve Pera and Allan Schwander. The then commissioner of the Chicago’s water and sewage commission regarded the attack as a scheme of harebrained people and could not have worked. Typhoid germs were introduced to the drinking water supply by two college students, Pera and Schwander. However, the commissioner said that any plan to contaminate water will fail because of the chlorine being continuously pumped to water supplies every day. With that, Typhoid bacteria won’t be able to survive the said procedure. Apart from Chlorine, the water filtration plants are guarded 24/7 so plans of any attack won’t be feasible. The two students were held in Cook County Jail and had a bond of $250,000 each. Pera and Schwander were 18 and 19 years old, respectively, during the said attack. According to investigations, RISE, the terrorist group formed by the two suspects, were created to create the basis of the newly formed master race. The bacterial culture was prepared by Pera in Mayfair City College’s laboratory where deadly microorganisms are abundant. In fact, Pera used to work as a volunteer in St. Lukes Hospital but was terminated because of his attempt to acquire unauthorized chemicals (The Ledger, 1972). Although the attempt of contaminating the water supply failed because of the standard procedure followed by Chicago, it cannot be guaranteed that citizens will always be safe from water contamination. According to Friis et al. (2013), national emergency due to terrorist attacks, disaster or bioterrorism threats, is faced with specified protocols that are based on the Homeland Security Act of 2002.... ... middle of paper ... ... that train and educate people about certain diseases. Through education, citizens will know how to respond on special scenario, such as in the case of being infected with Typhoid fever, even without the immediate assistance from healthcare representatives. Likewise, people will know the signs of Typhoid fever which will help them know the important steps to avoid the worsening of their conditions. Further, the availability of emergency health providers will help in preventing the worsening of health conditions if in any case, contamination has already occurred. Also, the local government agencies that monitor the water lines are a big help in preventing bioterrorism on water supplies. If these agencies will miss cleaning the pipelines or the water itself, there’s a big chance for bioterrorism to take place. Thus, local agencies should be consistent with their jobs.
E. Coli 0157, written by Mary Heersink, is a nerve-racking, adrenaline-filled story of a mother's experience with a then unknown deadly bacteria. The book brings up many reactions in its readers, especially the questioning of the practice of doctors in hospitals. The reader's knowledge base of scientific procedures in emergency centers was widened as well as the knowledge of how to the human body reacts to different agents in its system.
Many states and colonies across the globe issued detailed sets of directives to their residents on what exactly they should do if they come into contact with the illness. One such example is the directive issued by T.W.H. Holmes, the Secretary of the Victoria Board of Public Health in Australia. The directive details the symptoms, complications, treatment, and prevention of the disease. Something very common during the outbreak of any pandemic is the use of quarantines to separate the sick and the healthy. In fact, that is the first order for prevention of disease in T.W.H. Holme...
Guillemin, J. (2005). Biological weapons: From the invention of state-sponsored programs to contemporary bioterrorism Columbia University Press.
During the event of a communicable disease outbreak, as a human services administrator, I would take all of the necessary steps to communicate to youths, parents and medical staff in a timely and efficient manner. My priority would be to isolate the disease as much as possible and to assist those that have been infected with getting the treatment that they need (Graham-Clay, 2005). In the event that there is an outbreak of a disease such as E-coli within a local high school, I would begin by notifying the medical staff immediately. Considering the fact that Ecoli is a food borne illness, it is considered to be a public health crisis and should be handled as such. There are three recognized phases of a crisis: prevention, preparedness, and recovery. Each of these phases requires planned communication strategies. An outbreak often creates a high-emotion, low-trust situation (Heymann, 2004).
Nestle, Marion. Safe Food: Bacteria, Biotechnology, and Bioterrorism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003.
In the early 1880s, Chicago was a bustling city on its way to becoming one of great cities in the world. There was a problem though. Horrible sanitation problems plagued the city. The Chicago River was virtually an open sewer covered with visible filth. Most of the river’s worst pollution came from homes and bathroom waste thought the city. “Bubbly Creek” was one of the worst branches of the river. It was filled with enough stockyard waste to equal the pollution from a sizable city. To further the problem, all of the contents of the river flowed into Lake Michigan, polluting Chicago’s drinking water causing a sever outbreak of water born diseases.
The federal government provides a protected status, Special Immigrant Juvenile Status (“SIJS”), to immigrant youth that cannot be reunited with one or both of their parents due to abuse, neglect, abandonment, or another similar basis under state law. In order for Tatiana to be eligible for SIJS, federal law requires that a “juvenile court” issue a special finings order, an order that states the necessary factual findings that are a perquisite to petition United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) for SIJS.
Hurricane Katrina was a major travesty to the gulf coast; high winds took down buildings, large rain flooded streets and buildings that still stood. Weeks after the hit of Katrina the media would show images of SOS signs on roof tops, civilians waist high in filthy flood water guiding rescue boats to survivors, and of pets needing help. Because of this there were many health issues that would arise and need rectifying to the good of the people. With any disaster as large as this one there are many health issues that have to be taken under control: Displacement, drinking water, growing viruses, emotional state of survivors or toxic contamination (Public Health News Center). The health problem in regards to the displacement of civilians that had to leave their homes is where will they sleep, what will they eat, and also how are they dealing with the disaster. And the most critical issue with thousands of displaced civilians is having access to clean drinking water (Kellogg Schwab, PhD, co-director of the Center for Water and Health.
The variation in the public health leadership and organizational structures are that the local government has vertical linkages with various businesses and households. It has upward vertical linkages with the state and other federal agencies in order to coordinate its operations smoothly. Public health leadership and organizational structures are performed at many levels from local to national. The organizations and agencies devoted to public health at these different levels share many of the same functions including disease surveillance, policy development, and provision of access to health care. In terms of public health, no level of government has complete authority and autonomy (Turnock, p.195). Optimal outcomes result from a symbiotic relationship and a complementary effort on all levels.
Civil rights guarantees rights to U.S. citizens and residents by the constitution and legislation. Freedom of speech and freedom from certain types of discrimination are some civil rights protected by the constitution. The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the U.S. constitution. Specific rights for U.S. citizens are reserved, and rights that are guaranteed by the constitution cannot be removed or abridged by another state. In 1857 the Dred Scott v. Sandford case declared that slaves could not sue in court because they were not citizens. In 1865 the thirteenth amendment was enacted to stop slavery, to enforce this amendment congress was given power to enact laws that were necessary. The fourteenth amendment ratified in 1868 states that every person born or naturalized in the United States is a citizen, and ensure the state does not deprive a citizen of his/her rights. The first civil rights law guaranteed equal rights for all people who lived in the United States. The second law guaranteed each citizen equal right to sell, rent, purchase, or inherit real or personal property. The third original law provided citizens with the right to bring civil action for a violation of protected rights. The fourth made violations of these rights a criminal offense. The civil rights act of 1964 is the most comprehensive civil rights legislation in U.S. history. Title VII of the act prohibits employment discrimination based on the employee's color, sex, religion, race, or national origin. Despite the decision of the Plessy v. Ferguson case many people still pressed for the Jim Crow laws to be ended. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People which was founded in 1909 was one of the organizations pressing to end the ...
Communities must come together in order to be aware of the steps that must be taken to reduce or prevent risk. “The guidance, programs, processes, and systems that support each component of the National Preparedness System enable a collaborative, whole community approach to national preparedness that engages individuals, families, communities, private and nonprofit sectors, faith based organizations and all levels of government.” (FEMA, 2011). Resources within a community are prioritized and customized based on community-based issues and local security programs. The resources used as the front line of defense are first responders, such as police officers, firefighters and medical personnel. The resources are provided and prioritized based on the priority of threat and risks to a specific community. Therefore, the threats and risks targeted towards a community must be analyzed and acknowledged in order to apply the correct resources to the opposing prioritized threats. Disasters and emergencies typically begin at the local level and eventually require resources from state and federal
Natural Resources Defense Council (2003). Study Finds Safety of Drinking Water in U.S. Cities at Risk. NRDC reports.
Salmonella enterica typhi (typhoid fever causing bacteria) are parasites with no other known living environment outside of humans (Pike, 2014). Typhoid has the ability to cause large outbreaks and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has classified Salmonella species with other food safety threats as high priority potential bioterrorism agents (Baggier, Burwen, Haber, & Ball, 2004). Salmonella enterica typhi is one of three species of the Salmonella genus. Typhoid gets its name from Typhos, which means smoke, or to cloud, or vapor. It was thought to be transmitted through a “cloud of sickness called miasma” (Pike, 2014). When someone recovers from typhoid fever, about 3-5% become carriers o...
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2013). Developing risk communication plans for drinking water contamination incidents. Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/lawsregs/upload/epa817f13003.pdf
Beitsch et al. (2006) also conveys the main functions of state public health institutions, which include the assessment of diseases, policy development, and the commitment to health protection and promotion activities. While Brumback and Malecki (1996) reveal that the role of public health agencies is to assess and analyse public health problems, form policies, layout development, and implement