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diffraction, D: Surface properties

1. Introduction

One of the Science, Technology and Society challenges is the resulting pollutions from the production of nuclear power that human is faced today. Nuclear power has been widely applied in the world and provides approximately 17% of the world’s electricity [1, 2]. However, the widely applications of nuclear energy will produce consequent high-level radioactive waste (HLW), which is increasing about 12000 metric tons every year and includes various elements such as lanthanides, actinides and so on [3-7]. The presence of radioactive material in the water systems is very dangerous for human health, animals and the environment because it may cause mutations and ultimately lead to kinds of cancer [8]. Therefore, these pollutions must be eliminated before entering them in water systems and environment cycle. Because the diffusion, fluidity and bioavailability of radioactive materials are controlled by the adsorption properties, the adsorption processes of this material are considered to be very important [9].

In modern societies, lanthanides are considered. Due to the unique physical and chemical properties of the rare earth elements (REEs), its applications for advanced new materials are increasing [10-12]. Lanthanides are used widely in metallurgy, medicine, chemical engineering, electronics and electrooptics, biomedicine, for manufacturing of magnetostriction materials, lasers, storage batteries with long service life for electric vehicles, etc. [10, 13-17]. Lanthanum is the most abundant element in the lanthanide elements and is currently used as a pure element or in combination with other compounds in catalysts, super alloys and special ceramics [18].

Different techniques have been u...

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...30 mL) and ethanol (3× 30 mL) and dried at 110 oC for 4 h in a vacuum oven [33].

2.2.3. HESI-SBA-15

2, 4-dihydroxy benzaldehyde (2.83 g), Cl-SBA-15 (2 g) and triethylamine (2 g) in 50 mL of toluene was refluxed for 3 hours at 80-90 ºC in the water bath. Then, the solid was filtered, rinsed sequentially with ethanol and dried in a vacuum oven at 80 oC. Then, 1.96 mL of ethanolamine was added on the resulting substance in 50 mL of toluene and refluxed at 110ºC for 48 hours in oil bath under a nitrogen atmosphere. The product was centrifuged, washed with 50 mL of ethanol, diethyl ether, distilled water and dried in vacuum for 10 h at 90ºC. Finally, any residual template and organosilane was removed by Soxhlet extraction over diethylether and dichloromethane (1:1) at 100 ºC for 24 h and heated for 10 h at 40ºC under vacuum. Synthesis steps are presented in Scheme 1.