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What is the difference between individualism and collectivism essay
Collectivism vs individualism
Historical understanding of the term individualism
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In extracting significance from the mixed methods approach employed to comprehend the behaviours and habits of millennials in the process of knowledge transfer inside a corporation, the research had to dissect the elements, allowing a perspective concerning the Hofstede’s dimensions within this group (Hofstede, 1980). It was clear after distributing and compiling figures from the questionnaire to see a considerable distance in term of power distance and individualism between the younger generation and the older counterpart. PDI was meaningfully less severe, although pale with the more significant distance in term of IDV; it was unreasonable not to observe a mutation of the values throughout time and a definite shift in the cluster figures. This led to a series of interviews inside a Chinese SME using inquiries directed at management, engineers, and people involved in the knowledge transfer procedure at different levels. Using triangulation technique, which resulted in a clearer perspective of the possible behaviours and attitudes of all generations implicated in the process and the development of these activities inside the organization.
Assembling all those components was essential to provide a wider evaluation and allowing the possibilities to draw conclusions and new avenues to be explored in the context reviewed by this dissertation. Some preceding research had observed comparable specific phenomenon composing with the transformation of the Chinese millennials cultural dimensions and the effect on knowledge transfer inside a corporation. Having a limited number of conducive literature to support the direction this study explored many possibilities and attempted to avoid providing explicit answer to a situation still recently...
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...ward less restraint with authority (Hershatter and Epstein, 2010). Chinese millennials emerged in the era of the one child policy (Cao, 2009) materializing with the concentration of the attention by the parents on their single youngster enhancing the altruistic attitude of the kids (Schullery, 2013). The principal objective of this study was not to understand the dynamic of the Chinese family throughout time, but to demonstrate the possible evolution of the cultural dimensions. In providing possible explanation for this phenomenon it could only direct the reflection toward probable avenues and reinforced the solidity of the outcome raised by the quantitative methods. With respectively 37.7 points distance for individualism dimension IDV score and 15.5 points distance in PDI it was unavoidable to realize a mutation of the values and attitude of the recent generation.
Chinese parenting is competent at times but there are other times where it is more suitable to follow other forms of parenting such as the Western style.These findings have important consequences for the broader domain of parent-child relationships. Whether it is Chinese parenting or Western parenting the relationship between family members is crucial. According to Amy Chua, Chinese parenting is more effective in helping the child attain a better future through the parents’ interests, while Western parenting style reflects mainly the interests of the child.
A family is a group of people consisting of the parents and their children who live together and they are blood related. The family is always perceived as the basic social units whether they are living together in the same compound or at far distance but are closely related especially by blood. Therefore, the family unit has had a great influence on the growth and the character traits possessed by the children as they grow up and how they perceive the society they live in. the family also shapes the children to be able to relate well with other people that are not part of their family and with a good relationship it impacts to the peace achieved in country. This paper addresses the reasons as to why the family is considered the most important agent of socialization. It’s evident that families have changed over time and they have adopted different ways of living. This paper also tackles on the causes of the dramatic changes to the American family and what the changes are. Different people with different race, gender and preferences make the family unit and this makes the difference in marriages. This will also be discussed in this paper.
Zhao, Yilu. "Cultural DIvide Over Parental Discipline." The New York Times 29 May 2002: 1. online article.
Zhan, H. J. 2004. “Socialization or Social Structure: Investigating Predictors of Attitudes Toward Filial Responsibility Among Chinese Urban Youth From One and Multiple Child Families.” International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 59: 105-124.
It is expected that 30 million men by 2030 will not be able to find a wife due to the gender being in favor of the male. With access to ultrasound technology surfacing, there has been an increase in terminations of pregnancies due to traditional Chinese values. This is been heavily emphasized as the one child policy has intertwined with the traditional values making a large imbalance of females and males (Document E). Another issue coinciding with the one child policy is motivation for achievement. In many cases having multiple siblings can result in competitiveness and hard work to succeed like their predecessor. But with the one child policy it had lead to parents pampering and idolizing their children which lead to laziness among children due to no basis of achievement (Document
A specification on how a child is taught to be obedient and respectful to parents relates to complying with orders of their parents. “孝順” (Chinese pinyin: “xiaoshun”, also known as filial piety), is a virtue valued by most Chinese, raised by the Confucian philosophers as early as in Han dynasty. Filial Piety typically refers to “Children’s attitudes about how they should treat their parents” (Chen, W. W. & Wu, C. W., 2017, p. 441). To be a “xiaoshun” child includes attending to their parents’ instructions and needs, taking care of them as they grow old and age (Yeh, K. H., & Bedford, O.,
Human Resources (HR) has been constantly evolving due to technological innovations, tough competition and rapid growth of globalization. The Knowledge Age of 21 century demonstrates the significant shift in strategies and methods have been used by HR professionals to efficiently manage personnel in the organization. Such change leads to acknowledgement of the true value of employee based on their ability and potential to excel. “Knowledge Age worker-citizens need to be able to locate, assess, and represent new information quickly. They need to be able to communicate this to others, and to be able to work productively in collaborations with others. They need to be adaptable, creative and innovative, and to be able to understand things at a ‘systems’ or big picture’ level” (NZCER, 2013, p.1).
With the current change in demographics throughout the workforce, organizations are feeling the effects of a larger percentage of baby boomers retiring and a large percentage of millennial new entrants. The words used to describe millennial employees, “spoiled, trophy kids, ambitious”, seem to be as everlasting as the constructive and negative perspectives attached to them. Many can debate on the entitlement of these employees within an organization, how these employees can be groomed and managed to better fit the organization, the positive and negative attributes they bring into the workplace, and how the preceding can benefit or derail the effectiveness of an organization. Nonetheless, a harder debate, comes about in denying that organizations must adjust to and integrate these employees into the workforce.
Commercial surrogacy is a controversial topic that is being discussed all over the world between individuals and government. Both of these groups have examined the ethics of commercial surrogacy, one of the main issues they have the money being used for a child’s birth. Due to the fact that not a lot of people in the world agree on this methods, many countries have banded commercial surrogacy. Most of the United States and United Kingdom have banned commercial surrogacy.
The study conducted by Li, Costanzo and Putallaz examined the relationship between parenting styles, socialization goals and social-emotional adjustment amid Chinese and European American young adults. The article states that European American parents emphasize self-development goals in their children more so than Chinese parents as Western culture is more individualistic than collectivistic (Li, Costanzo & Putall...
As there are many different types of people, different standard of success are existing. High education level could be one of the standards of success for someone and excellent reputation could be other standards. Patriarchal period, which dominated by religion such as Christianity or Catholic, people taught various elements for success in life including morality and ethics. However, Capitalism and its market only focus on property and money so the visible wealthy becomes the only one important element for success. In fact, Hochschild illustrates the study which proves the changing of people’s preference in life. According to Hochschild, “between 1975 and 1991, the role of family in people’s idea of “the good life” declined while the importance of having money increased” (187). In this study, it is proved that having a lot of money is more important than family for the quality of life. In other words, people might be satisfied when they become rich in terms of the successful life. The money is not only productive conclusion for success, but capitalism forces to make people think in this way. For instance, Chua indicates the Chinese parents’ parenting style which might be great example how the capitalism takes important role in family and how it represents in parenting. In Chua’s article, she claims that “the Chinese believe that the best way to protect their children is by preparing them for the future […]” (56). Because of this reason, Chinese parents requires their children to get perfect grades and they cannot accept A minus or B as a children’s academic result. For Chinese parents, having excellent skill might be able to lead their children to successful life in the future. In the view of capitalism, Chinese parents’ parenting styles seems based on capitalism market system. Capitalism market system divide only ‘useful’ and ‘useless’ and its influences
Smola, Karen Wey, and Charlotte D. Sutton. "Generational Difference: Revisiting Generational Work Values for the New Millennium." Journal of Organizational Behavior 23 (2002): 363-82. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. .
Dornbusch et al., 1987; Lin & Fu, 1990). “The results of the present study indicated that, inconsistent with the arguments in the literature, authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles were relevant to children’s academic success and social adjustment in China” (e.g. Chao, 1994; Darling & Steinberg, 1993; Ekblad, 1986; Steinberg et al., 1992; Wu, 1981). According to this study, “it was found that authoritarian parenting of both mothers and fathers was positively associated with aggression-disruption and negatively associated with peer acceptance, sociability-competence, distinguished studentship, and school achievement. It was also found that authoritative parenting style was positively related to children’s peer acceptance, social competence, and school achievement and negatively related to children’s social difficulties.” Thus, it may be safe to conclude that authoritarian and authoritative parenting practices in Chinese culture serve the functions in child rearing that are similar to those found in Western cultures (e.g. Baumrind, 1971; Maccoby & Martin, 1983). This study explains that “parental social status was positively associated with authoritative patterns and negatively associated with authoritarian parenting style”. Compared with parents who had low educational and occupational levels, “parents with a relatively high social
Effective knowledge transfer through a conversion of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge can build a sustainable capacity to innovate within an organization and gain an external competitive advantage.
Timm, Bartholomew J. "Cross-Generational Management | U.S. Chamber Magazine." U.S. Chamber Magazine | Business News, Commentary, Opinion, How-To, Policy/Advocacy, Profiles, And Economic Information. 1 Sept. 2007. Web. 23 June 2011. .