On July 7th 2011, Verisign issued a statement declaring that all .com, .net, .org and many other domain names would become under United States (US) jurisdiction. Websites containing these domain names, which were registered outside of US, have encountered various implications for multiple reasons. Firstly, although these websites are registered in a country other than the US, they are subjected to US law despite the fact that the registrar might be living in a country with differentiating laws. The Bodog.com case is a clear example of this. Secondly, the US now has authority to actually seize a website and hold the website’s registrar accountable if their website is deemed to be illegal under US laws. Lastly, this is a clear case of the US abusing its power and acting as a sovereign nation over other countries. The citizens of a particular country have the right to follow and abide by their country’s own rules and in no way should be subjugated to the laws if another country. Domain names, such as .com and .org, are widely used across the world and US jurisdiction is causing non-US users to face several repercussions.
A major implication resulting from the US having jurisdiction over commonly used domain names is the fact that all individuals who are registering their website in a country other than the US will have to abide by US laws and regulations, even if those laws do not apply to the country that they are living in. The Bodog.com case, for instance, shows multiple implications due to US internet jurisdiction. Bodog.com was a free online sports gaming website that was registered in the Canada by Calvin Ayre. The website was known to have limited access to US citizens and was thus seized by Homeland Security for conducting i...
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...ations that would otherwise have no effect in other countries. In the UK, it is not illegal to create a website that hosts links to pirated material as long as the website does not contain the pirated material itself (U.S. Claims Global Jurisdiction of .net and .com Web Sites: Is .edu Next?) and should therefore have not been an issue for O’Dwyer but this newly declared US jurisdiction proves otherwise. Another case was brought up with Canadian website rojadirecta.org, which was also seized by the US. This website was found legal under Canadian jurisdiction, but was subsequently seized by a US seizure warrant. This questions Canadian power over its citizens and the influence of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom as opposed to US jurisdiction.
Furthermore, instead of making illegal content inaccessible to its US citizens, it is seizing the websites entirely
...rk with us. This can have a major impact on the economy, and may eventually lead to a weakened nation overall. However, it can be argued that the United States is not acting hypocritical through mass surveillance over the internet. While there's some overlap of the issues, the existence of surveillance does not cut off the freedom of speech on the Internet."One can recognize... there is a very large difference between censorship and spying... On some level, we know that spying and espionage is going to take place. This still doesn't mean we promote censorship." (Verveer, 2013) Undoubtedly, the censorship by the agency over the internet may make users think twice about what opinions to express, but as long as no major crimes are being planned, then the agency will not really care about what is said online, and internet users are free to say whatever they would like.
Expanded and strengthened state private insurance companies are to be expected since more younger Texans enter the market thanks to the premium support. Texas can expect savings through more proper use of medical care, lower numbers in Medicaid, and savings from increased recipient cost sharing. Texas must refuse to comply with the new high-risk pools. There are many reasons Texas should not comply but the main reason is poor design. Currently, eighteen states have decided not to participate in these pools, Texas is undecided. Any person with a pre-existing medical disorder whom has been without insurance for six month will qualify. The law gave the Department of Health discretion in determining with conditions qualifies. Theoretically, the Department of Health could say the flu is a pre existing medical condition. If Texas does not refuse to comply with these pools it is only a matter of time before the demand will exceed the supply. A huge concern is when the funding is gone what do the state politicians do. I see two options. One, state officials will end the coverage all together and pull the plug. Two, continue to allow the program to run with the use of state tax dollars.
The convention, put into place in 2001, gives the 39 signatory countries guidelines to develop national legislation to combat cybercrimes and is also used as a framework for international co-operation between the countries who have signed (Government of Canada, “Cybercrime”). Furthermore, it demands that countries implementing the convention to give permission to law enforcement to order Internet service providers to monitor citizens’ online activities as well as outlaw discrimination based on religion or race, such as racism and xenophobia (Connolly). In 2015, the government of Canada ratified the convention, which strengthens Canada’s capacity to cooperate with international partners to fight cyber criminality by making it easier for the country to ask for help and assist other countries in their fight against cybercrimes (Connolly). Additionally, computer crimes generate new challenges for legislators and law enforcement agencies, such as the CSIS or local police station, that they have to face in order to keep Canada’s population secure (Valiquet).
Anand, A. (2011). Combating terrorist financing: Is Canada’s legal regime effective? University of Toronto Law Journal, 61(1), 59-71. Retrieved from http://library.mtroyal.ca:2078/journals/university_of_toronto_law_journal/v061/61.1.anand.html
Abstract: This paper examines the use of Internet technologies (specifically SafeWeb.com) to counteract invasions of personal privacy and censorship. The paper begins by exploring the methods by which governments, corporations, and commercial agents invade personal privacy. It also discusses Internet censorship on the corporate and governmental levels. It then proceeds to discuss SafeWeb.com, a technology that allows Internet users to surf the Web privately and view censored content. The paper finishes by exploring some of the ethical issues raised by Internet privacy and censorship in specific relation to SafeWeb, concluding that the application of SafeWeb in circumventing the authority of governments and corporations is inherently unethical.
“Congress shall make no law … abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press …” as stated by the First Amendment of the United States Constitution[1]. Most subsequent democracies have adopted this view as well, believing that it is a fundamental part of what makes a democratic system effective. For example, Canada has given their citizens the right to freedom of speech; but like the United States, they have placed certain limitations which restrict its usage. The limitations were put in place because the right to free speech had been abused, especially when considering its use in cyberspace. Freedom of speech in cyberspace is inherently a global issue because the Internet is so pervasive, so Canada and the United States are being extremely cautious by using preventative techniques. After looking at the ethical issues involved, I believe that speech in cyberspace should not be completely “free” and should be regulated by increasing the security measures placed on Internet websites.
Although the American government does have an important duty of monitoring internet content, the government needs to establish certain limitations on internet monitoring to respect the
(Benny) Even though this is a somewhat small part of running the internet, it illustrated how much the internet is US-centric. Every website that one visits will have had some sort of involvement by the US Government. However, ICANN's contract is ending soon and many wonder who will take over. Some have advocated that the U.N should take over for such responsibilities and, perhaps, other responsibilities as
The invention of the internet has been one of the major advances of the modern world. It has allowed people from all over the globe to communicate with each other and ideas to be shared. In addition to this it is a free platform. Unlike television and radio it doesn’t cost anything to put your idea on the internet, making it a base of personal expression. This freedom coupled with the global access attracts around a billion users worldwide. Unfortunately, just as easily as the information is produced it is abused. The internet, although mostly used appropriately does harbour all manner of illegal activities. These range from phishing scams, trying to steal someone’s personal details, viruses, malicious code that attacks a person’s computer and websites that are morally questionable or illegal under Australian law. To combat this, the Rudd government has started action to impose an internet service provider level internet filter. An internet service provider is any company that provides internet services to its customers. Most notable of these is Telstra which is one of the top internet service providers in Australia. This filter will prevent a list of websites, the blacklist, from being accessed in Australia. In theory this is an excellent plan, but in reality, once implemented it will have little effect on preventing the illegal activity which occurs on the internet. The major arguments against the proposed filter are, cost of the filter, the ineffectiveness of the filter to stop illegal activity and the possibility of the blacklist expanding to block anti-government websites.
Internet is a powerful tool that allows users to collaborate and interact with others all over the world conveniently and relatively safely. It has allowed education and trade to be accessed easily and quickly, but all these benefits do not come without very taxing costs. This is especially true when dealing with the likes of the Internet. Countries in the European Union and Asia have realized this and have taken action against the threat of net neutrality to protect their citizens, even at the cost of online privacy. Internet censorship is required to protect us from our opinions and vices. Every country should adopt Internet censorship and regulation since it improves society by reducing pornography, racism/prejudice, and online identity theft.
...internet security and safety differs from region to region and country to country, there is need to have more global rules that can be followed by internet users as trading of goods and services in this global world has no limitations. In many countries the personal data is kept private but when there is trans-border flow there are chances that privacy can be invaded. According to various surveys majority of people using internet are not convinced that the transactions are secured and not being monitored. The World Wide Web technology offers variety of options and enormous amount of potential, but measures are need to be taken in order to prevent abuses and harm done by this technology. In order to do this industry and government need to work together on resolutions, if correct actions are not taken the consumers and industries both have to face the consequences.
Creekman, D. M. (2001). p.19, 38. Helpless America--An Examination of the Legal Options Available to the United States in Response to Varying Types of Cyber-Attacks from China, A. Am. U. Int'l L. Rev., 17, 641. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1223&context=auilr&sei-redir=
One of the unique challenges to regulating or settling on the appropriate way to regulate is that there is no concrete definition of pornography. While law enforcement bodies such as the police, prosecutors and judges, are accustomed to dealing with issues that are exclusive to the United States, the Internet is a worldwide community with servers and members coming from hundreds of countries. Defining "pornographic content" on a global level has not been easy because of different moral and legal variations. In the United States one type of act may be defined as being "hard-core porn", however, another country could see this act as much less offensive. So while the United States may try to regulate one level of pornography, a person could go find it on a website launched from another country. This is one the problems that is being acknowledged when trying to find a way of dealing with the pornography on the Internet.
In this age of cyberspace and global connectivity, reliance on statutes and stare decisis simply cannot keep up with a rapidly evolving technological environment. Traditional law…might condemn rules regulating conduct in cyberspace to perpetual obsolescence.37