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Classical conditioning research proposal
Classical conditioning research proposal
Classical conditioning research proposal
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When ever the bell rings in any school in any nationyou are guaranteed to see students and teachers file into the hallway. This automatic response comes from somethingthat has been around for a long time called classical conditioning. Classicalconditioning was discovered and researched by Ivan Pavlov, a Russianphysiologist. His famous experimentwith his dog is known to nearly everyone who has had a middle school or highereducation. He fed his dog in a pattern,every time he fed his dog he rang a bell. Eventually the dog associated the bell with food and would begin tosalivate just on hearing the bell. Thatis the original experiment proving classical conditioning.
What is aconditioned stimulus? “A neutralstimulus that, after repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, becomesassociated with it and elicits a conditioned response.” (World of Psychologypg167) In English it is something thatis used to train someone or something through repetition. Pavlov made use of this in his experiment toshow classical conditioning. Where asan unconditioned stimulus is something that is unlearned but is just respondedto out of instinct. Pavlov’s dog, for examplehad one unconditioned stimulus and one conditioned stimulus. Both the conditioned and unconditionedstimuli were to an unconditioned response, the dog salivating. The unconditioned stimulus was the dog foodthat started the dog salivating. The conditionedstimulus or new stimulus was the bell being rung every time the dog was fed.After awhile the unconditioned stimulus wasn’t even needed, because the dog wasnow conditioned to respond to the bell and salivate whenever he heard thebell. Things like this happened all thetime, for example; when I put on running shoes and running clothes my dog willbecome extremely hyper because she knows we are going outside and she will getto run around.
Probably thestrongest application of classical conditioning is emotions. Human emotions are condition extremelyeasily to things that provoke strong reaction, things such as Adolf Hitler, theIRS, the American Flag and chemistry class because of their associations withour emotions. If something like thatprovoked a strong emotion before in your life when brought up in conversationthe strong emotion that was conditioned comes up also. For example when a person meets someone withthe same name as someone they previously lik...
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... He thenwondered would the dog still salivate if he attached the device to the dogspelvis, then hind paw, then shoulder, then foreleg and finally the frontpaw. He discovered that the farther hegot from the rear thigh, or the original conditioning, the less of a salivatingresponse. Other examples of this arethings such as someone who was attacked by a dog when he or she was young andtherefore grew up hating and fearing all dogs.
On the other sideof generalization there must be discrimination. Pavlov decided he didn’t want his dogs to salivate to any othertones but “C.” This was not very hard all that was need was to cause extinction in any other type of tone. The “C” tone was reinforced by continuouslygiving food after the tone was rung. On the other hand whenever any other tone was sounded it was not reinforced by food. Thus the dog became more conditioned to “C” and the conditioned responses for the other tones becameextinct.
Classicalconditioning has and will continue to be around forever. It is part of human nature and many peopletake advantage of it daily. It can beused to dispel fears or as training for a job, it doesn’t matter what it is for it will just be there.
Therefore, a human or animal will forget about the old stimulus and become attached to the new stimulus. The terms: Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Neutral Stimulus, Conditioned Stimulus, and Conditioned Response are key when explaining the process of Classical Conditioning. A Unconditioned Stimulus is when a stimulus will lead to a natural response without any training needed. A Unconditioned Response is a natural and automatic response brought up by the Unconditioned Stimulus. A Neutral Stimulus is when something elicits no response at first. For example, a specific object will have no meaning before the experiment but once the experiment is undergo, the object will take on a different role than before. A Conditioned Stimulus is a stimulus that at first had no meaning, but when associated with the Unconditioned Stimulus it will eventually generate a Conditioned Response. A Conditioned Response will cause a natural and automatic response towards the Neutral Stimulus because the person was trained to react that
The study by Watson and Rayner was to further the research of Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov was a Russian physiologist whose most famous experiments involved that of animals, specifically the unconditioned and conditioned reflexes of canines, in reference to salivation and conditioned emotional response. Pavlov demonstrated that if a bell was rang each time a dog was fed; ultimately the animal would befall conditioned to salivate at just the sound of the bell, even where food is was no longer present (The Salivation reflex). Watson and Rayner set out to further the research of conditioned stimulus response, with little Albert. ‘These authors without adequate experimental evidence advanced the view that this range was increased by means of conditioned reflex factors.’ (B.Watson, R Rayner , 1920).
Classical Conditioning was a phenomenon that a man named Ivan Pavlov explored in the twentieth-century. His work laid the foundation for many other psychologists such as John Watson. Pavlov’s idea came when he seized on an incidental observation. He noticed putting food in a dogs mouth caused salvation. However, the dog not only salivated to the food it began to also salivate to mere sight of the food, or the food dish. He began experimenting; first he slid the food presented the food by sliding the food bowl and blowing meat powder into the dogs mouth at the same exact moment. They paired it with a neutral stimuli event the dog could see but did not associate it with food (Myers, 2014, p.256). Food in the mouth automatically, unconditionally triggers the salivary reflex. Pavlov called drooling the unconditioned response and the food the unconditioned stimulus. Salvation in response to a tone is learned, it is conditioned upon the dogs associating the tone with the food it is called conditioned response (Myers, 2014, p.256). The stimulus that used to be neutral is the conditioned stimulus. I found it interesting and relating to everyday life because my dog often does the same. We keep his food in the garage so opening the garage door would be the conditioned stimulus. As soon as the garage door opens my dog begins to salivate which is the conditioned response. Whereas,
In this case study we can see a negative way classical conditioning occurred. During recess firecrackers went off near school, throwing the students to the group in fear. “Jim had stared in amazement at the yard of students lying on the ground, instinctively trying to protect themselves.” (Colbert, p. 52)This involuntary response was a natural instinct for the students because of the neighborhood they lived in. Gunfire was a regular occurrence, and the firecrackers resembled the sound of a gunshot. “To some degree, learners’ behaviors are influenced by the objects and events they are currently encountering.” (Ormrod ,p. 58)Specific events throughout your life can lead to certain behaviors. In this case study we saw that the gunfire they have heard causes them to fall to the ground. Classical conditioning had a negative effect on these
He discovered classical conditioning after seeing how the dogs were stimulated to respond to their food and anything related to food such as the noise of the door or person coming towards them (King, 2016). He eventually conditioned the dogs to respond to a bell as it did when it was exposed to the food (King, 2016). Pavlov accomplished this by introducing a neutral stimulus, the bell, which is a stimulus that doesn’t result in a response like conditioned or unconditioned stimuli (King, 2016). Initially, in this experiment salivation was an innate response to food, but after the introduction of the bell, it became a conditioned response because the dog learned that every time the bell rang, its food came along with it (King, 2016). Consequently, making the bell a conditioned stimulus which is a stimulus that resulted in a response after many times that the neutral stimulus was presented with the food (King,
During this time he conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. Pavlov discovered that dogs salivation started before eating food. With this discovery Pavlov introduced a bell noise along with the unconditioned stimulus, or meat powder. He repeated this until the dogs learned the association between the bell noise and the meat powder. This would produce a conditioned response (salivation) after the conditioned stimulus (the bell) without the pairing of meat powder. This work laid the groundwork for behaviorism which became the dominant method in psychology during the late 19th century through the early 20th
Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov in the early 1900’s while making an attempt to better understand digestion accidently stumble on what we now know as classical conditioning (Ormrod, 2012, p. 34). Using dogs, a bell and meat powder, Pavlov discovered when a stimulus that give a unconditioned
Classical conditioning refers to a type of learning in which a previously neutral stimuli took on the ability to stimulate a conditioned response in an individual (Gormezano & Moore, 1966). To prove that environment was more impactful than genetics, Watson conducted an experiment on an infant, little Albert. Initially, Albert showed little fear towards rats. When Watson repeatedly exposed Albert to the rat accompanied by a loud noise, the latter began to develop fear towards not just the rat but also other furry animals. Watson successfully showed that the acquisition of a phobia can be explained by classical conditioning (Watson & Watson, 1921). Regardless of their genes, the associations of the right stimuli can result in the development of a new behaviour in any individual.
Conditioning is a behavioural theory and process, where an individual’s response to a stimulus becomes more predictable and frequent within a particular environment, usually as a result of a reward (Port and Finnamore, 2007; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014). This reflects the Song et al. (2012) explanation stated previously, which explains that obedience can increase if an individual is keeping an action the same in order to gain a reward. The leading conditioning experiment is Pavlov’s dog, where the dog was classically conditioned. This is a learning type where a neutral stimulus, for example, a bell, beco...
Ivan Pavlov developed a theory called classical conditioning which proposes that learning process occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex like associating the food with the bell in Pavlov experiment. In classical conditioning, behavior is learnt by association where a stimulus that was originally neutral can become a trigger for substance use or cravings due to repeated associations between those stimuli and substance use (Pavlov, 1927).
Classical conditioning is a technique of learning that occurs when an unconditional stimulus is paired with a conditional stimulus. The unconditional stimulus is biologically potent, the conditional stimulus is neutral (Kalat, 2011). Example of each is taste of food and sound of tuning fork respectively. After repeated pairing, the organism exhibits a conditional response to the conditional stimulus. The conditional response is similar to the unconditioned response though it is relatively impermanent and is acquired through experience (Kalat, 2011).
After a number of repeated this procedures, Pavlov tried to ring his bell by its own... ... middle of paper ... ... classical conditioning, and conditioned emotional responses, 2014. http://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/pavlov.html 8. Strengths and weakness, 2014.
What is Watson’s Classical Conditioning? Classical Conditioning was found by Dr. Ivan Pavlov. Watson’s research was influenced by Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Theory. Watson made a research on children’s emotions using the Classical Conditioning model. According to Watson, love, fear, and anger are the three kinds of emotions inherited by humans (Hall 1988). He believed these emotions could be learned through conditioning. He formed his hypothesis and carried out an experiment. John B. Watson’s classical condition experiment was on a child named Little Albert. This experiment was while a child was playing with a rabbit, smashing two bars to make a loud noise behind the child’s head. After hearing the loud noise the child became terrified of the rabbit (Hall 1988).
This essay will first explore what classical conditioning is by using Ivan Pavlov’s famous experiment with dogs to explain how it works. It will then go on to describe how classical conditioning led to more research by Edward L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner in the study of instrumental behaviour (Gleitman et al. 2011). It will also mention briefly what similarities can be found between operant and classical conditioning before explaining in detail what operant conditioning is (Skinner’s experiment with the operant
Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, which is when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (McLeod, 2007). Pavlov began