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Common literary devices
Greek mythology
Greek mythology and Greek culture
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The Odyssey
Everyone has trouble and sometimes it may feel like you should give up but just because something is difficult doesn’t mean you shouldn’t try, it means you should just try harder. The Odyssey by Homer is a story about an epic hero named Odysseus who shows cleverness, mental strength, and physical strength throughout his long journey to get home after the ten year Trojan War.
Odysseus and his crew have landed on the cyclops island. Odysseus took with him a dozen of the finest fighters in his crew to geo-tour the island. They were hoping they would meet a friendly cyclop who will show them xenia. They found a cyclops home but the cyclops wasn’t there. His crew wanted to grab food and leave but Odysseus wanted to be polite and wait. When the cyclops finally comes he doesn’t show them xenia and he eats 6 of Odysseus crew. “ Here, cyclops, try this wine-to top off the banquet
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The suitors encourage them to fight and they take it outside. The beggar king strikes first and punches Odysseus. “Grabbing him by the leg, Odysseus hauled him through the porch across the yard to the outer gates” (18. 117-118). Even when he was turned into an old beggar Odysseus showed strength and was able to fling another old man across the courtyard and through the castle’s outer gates. Another example of Odysseus showing strength is when Penelope, Odysseus’s wife set up a challenge for the suitors. Whoever could string a bow and shoot an arrow through twelve axes would become her husband. “Setting shaft on the hand grip, drawing the notch and bowstring back back…… Right from his stool, just as he sat but aiming straight and true, he let fly and never missing an ax,” (21. 486-489). As an old man, Odysseus was able to do something that all the young strong and healthy suitors couldn’t. This really shows that even when he is an old man Odysseus has a lot of
In The Odyssey, Odysseus portrays an important trait to the story, perseverance. His perseverance really stands out as something that he has and always will have. On his long journey home, he never gives up and just stays where he is, no matter how tempting. He always manages to push through and keep getting closer to his goal of returning home. An example of when he does this is when he is faced with the challenge of getting past Skylla and Kharybdis. He knows that either path will kill at least some of his men and possibly him, but he knows he has to keep going. "And all this time,/ in travail, sobbing, gaining on the current,/ we rowed into the strait---Skylla to port/ and on our starboard beam Kharybdis, dire/ gorge of the salt sea tide." (Homer, 12. 301-305). In O Brother, Where Art Thou, Everett also showed his perseverance. While trying to get back to his wife, he also faces many obstacles that he must get through. There were many people and things keeping him from where he was going, but he pushed through and got there anyway. His greatest obstacle to get through was when he came upon the sirens. He went down to the river and the sirens got the men drunk enough to fall asleep. While asleep, Pete was turned in by the sirens, but the other men hadn't been turned in yet. They woke up and were forced to get out of there as fast as they could with a frog they thought was Pete. Delmar wanted to stay and try to change Pete back but Everett told him they needed to persevere and keep going, and they did. Another trait that both of these men show in their stories is their cleverness. Odysseus show...
In the book The Odyssey, xenia is considered sacred. If one was to show xenia in a negative way they would later be punished for it and if someone was to show xenia in a positive way they would be rewarded for it. Yet if xenia was both good and bad, how would that affect the outcome? In the story “The Grace of the Witch”, the great and beautiful Goddess Kirke shows good xenia by giving her guests a warm welcome with rich wine, extravagant feast, and tall thrones to sit upon and feel magnificent, but does it all count if she drugged them to stay? The toss between good and bad xenia is questioned when Kirke shows Odysseus and his men good hospitality but it is also threatened when they are forced to stay or must leave and head to the homes of
“I often gave to vagabonds, whoever they might be, who came in need.” (Homer, 351) Hospitality was evident in Homer’s time period and eventually was seen as an institution in the Greek culture. A guest-host relationship, known as Xenia, takes place throughout The Odyssey whether it’s to gain relationships or to avoid punishments from the gods. It is a major theme and is apparent in every book of The Odyssey. Hospitable characters who use xenia are what keep this novel going. Xenia affects the plot in many ways and influences characters actions and choices throughout the novel.
There are numerous heroes throughout “The Odyssey,” but none of them are as significant as Odysseus. “The Odyssey” is a narrative poem written by Homer (around 800 and 600 BCE) to show the numerous adventures and experiences Odysseus goes through. Throughout the Odyssey, Odysseus a prominent Greek epic hero is on a quest to return back to his home in Ithaca; to his wife Penelope, and his son Telemachus. Just like real life, not all heroes are picture-perfect; they all have imperfections. In this case, Odysseus is sometimes insolent, and discourteous; but he is still considered an epic hero because of the many heroic qualities he endures. Odysseus proves himself to be an outstanding hero in various ways such as showing loyalty, intelligence, bravery, strength, and courage which are all some of the most momentous qualities found in a hero. If a true hero can prove they are a true hero, makes them a true hero.
All throughout The Odyssey there are scenes of good and bad xenia, or hospitality. It can be seen that hospitality is extremely important in the Greek culture, both how someone treats their guests and how the guests treat the host. A closer look chronologically into the good, then bad examples will show how one acts affects the actions that are brought upon them when they either follow or disobey Zeus' Law.
“Our life’s journey of self-discovery is not a straight-line rise from one level of consciousness to another. Instead, it is a series of steep climbs, and flat plateaus, then further climbs. Even though we all approach the journey from different directions, certain of the journey’s characteristics are common for all of us.” Author Stuart Wilde’s impression of journeys and their shared commonalities supports the claim that all journeys have a motive and an outcome. In the epic poem, The Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus sets off to defeat Troy, leaving his wife and child behind. After accomplishing his goal, Odysseus faces many problems while trying to return him and his crew back home to Ithaca. Similar to Odysseus’s physical journey, the goal in
Homer’s Iliad is ripe with a variety of social structures. The passage where Diomedes meets Glaucus in battle shows the reader how a variety of these structures interact, and how the Argives value them in relation to each other. There are times when the characters fight for glory, there are times when they strive to earn riches, but above all else, they respect xenia. Xenia is the ancient Greek concept of hospitality, and it is evoked any time a guest visits a host. The Achaeans respect it above all else, and failure to adhere to its strict customs could lead to the forfeiture of countless souls. By the end of the story, xenia has overpowered money, battle, and glory, cementing its place as the most powerful force in all of Homer’s Ancient
The ancient Greeks have brought upon numerous ideas, inventions, and stories to the world. Greek mythology influences modern day literature and life. The Odyssey is an epic poem written by Homer, which tells the story of Odysseus's journey home after the Trojan War. Odysseus does not achieve his goal of reaching home so easily; monsters and gods come in his way and hinder him. The Odyssey expresses Greek values of hospitality from the customs of Ithaca, humility from Odysseus’s reform, and loyalty from Odysseus’s family.
On the Cyclops’s island Odysseus and his men are trapped and eaten as food by a giant with only one eye. Odysseus commands his men to take an olive tree and carve a large stake from it. Then Odysseus gives the Cyclops all of their wine in order to get him drunk. After the Cyclops falls asleep they stab the steak into his one large eye, thus blinding him. Now with the Cyclops blind Odysseus and his men cling to the bottom of sheep to avoid the Cyclops and escape. Even though the cyclops checks everything leaving his cave he doesn’t find the men holding to the bottom of the sheep.
...o the complex tale of Odysseus’ adventures are underlying themes of Greek ethics, one of the most prominent being xenia. While the epic teaches many things of the gods and of Greek culture, xenia appears again and again and seems the most pronounced. Xenia was expected not just in the epic itself, but in the daily lives of real ancient Greeks. The extreme hospitality and courtesy that was customary for the Greeks to show to their guests or hosts can also be a loose model to modern day civilization, where common civility is often neglected to be shown. In a world full of prejudice, arrogance, and animosity between people of different parties, xenia should be a most welcome idea of behavior, albeit one that should be altered to fit in with the new world.
Nathaniel Hawthorne once said, “The greatest obstacle to being heroic is the doubt whether one may not be going to prove one's self a fool; the truest heroism is to resist the doubt; and the profoundest wisdom, to know when it ought to be resisted, and when it be obeyed”. The book, The Odyssey, written by Homer, explains about a man named Odysseus and his ten year journey home from the Trojan War. During his journey, he encounters new challenges such as battling mythical creatures and surviving the situations the gods and goddesses create. However in the end, he must prove himself worthy to the people of Ithaca and to his family. Considering this, Homer represents Odysseus as an epic hero multiple times. The author uses the element, leadership to develop Odysseus for his noble deeds. The author also describes him as being glorified, or worshipped by others. Therefore, Odysseus truly is an epic hero because of the descriptions Homer uses to describe Odysseus’s strategic acts in times of need and the growing inspiration everyone has for him.
courtesy shown to those who are far from home. In the Odyssey, to be civilized is to follow the laws of Xenia. The reason for this was because they believed that any stranger seeking refuge could be a god in disguise and did not want to risk displeasing them. However, many societies Odysseus confronts treat him and his men cruelly. On his journey, Odysseus encounters many diverse and occasionally barbarian cultures that act in ways that the Greeks understood to be, “uncivilized.”
The ancient Greek concept of xenia speaks volumes about the values of ancient Greeks and how they valued hospitality, generosity, and courtesy. Throughout the Odyssey, xenia is exhibited in many settings. The first point where ancient Greek values are revealed through xenia is when Athena, goddess, disguises as Menelaus, Odysseus’ friend, and visits Telemachus. Even though his home is overrun by suitors, Telemachus quickly welcomes her, stating “Greetings, stranger. You are welcome here / After you’ve had dinner, you can tell us what you need” (Homer 1.132-133). Before that, he is “Indignant that a guest had been made to wait so long” (1.129). Telemachus exhibits how ancient Greeks valued hospitality and courtesy. Even though Athena may be
As Odysseus and his crew wander the land and visits Polyphemus’ home, we come to see how the guest can disobey the rules of Xenia.“To start with my men begged me to let them take away some of the cheeses. Then come back, drive the kids and lambs quickly out of the pens down to the good ship, and so set sail across the salt water.” (Homer 116). Through Odysseus’ short narration of his crew's desires, we can realize that they infact did violate the rule, of respecting the host. As they barged into someone's house and started to become a burden to the host, as they exploited the fact that there was a lot of food. By also using a post-colonialist lens, we can see how, the barged into someone’s house, and without permission started to take what was there. Homer, uses this scenario, to help instill in his readers that the guest should abide by the rules of Xenia, regardless of who the host may be. Following Xenia, was truly important during that time, as they feared the gods, and the punishments they could receive. Thus, when Odysseus assertively says: “Good sir, remember your duty to the gods; we are your suppliants, and Zeus is the champion of suppliants and guests. He is the god of guests: guests are sacred to him, and he goes alongside them” (Homer 117). He is trying to distill fear of the gods into the host, as he pleads to the host previously: “We find ourselves here as suppliants at your knees, in the hope that you may give us hospitality, or even give us the kind of gifts that hosts customarily give their guest.” (Homer 117). From this, Homer teaches us the true importance of host Xenia. As guests are sacred to Zeus, thus he also inturn accompanies the guests too. Inducing, more pressure on the host to follow the rules of Xenia. Through another interaction with Polyphemus we can analyse 2 important aspects of Xenia.“ ‘Here,
Homer’s literature served as a moral messenger to the people of ancient Greece. The Odyssey by Homer demonstrates the character development of Odysseus, the epic hero, and his journey of self-discovery. Odysseus was a great, wise, noble, and well respected war hero to his people. Odysseus had one tragic flaw that was demonstrated by his actions throughout the book. The author Homer continued to strip Odysseus of his arrogance throughout the story, by throwing challenges his way, making him pay for his mistakes, and allowing him to continue to overcome obstacles. The main purpose of Odysseus journey also to reach his home a more humble man. Reading Odysseus’ journey also served as a way to look at morals. The