Criterion IV: an Outstanding Example of Architecture
Skellig Michael also acts as testaments of human ingenuity in the face adversity through its buildings, pathways, stairs, and other structures around the island. These structures allow Skellig Michael to fulfill criterion IV. Criterion IV applies to sites which are ‘an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history’ (UNESCO & ICPWCNH, 2013). According to World Heritage Ireland, Skellig Michael is ‘one of the most daring architectural expressions of early Irish monasticism’ (2013) particularly because of the hermitage built on a narrow ledge near the top of the island. There are numerous other architectural and engineering feats on the island. It is easiest to begin explaining at the base.
The monastery is near the top of the island on a sloping plateau. This allowed for best protection from the elements and collection of water. Around the monastery, the monks use large-stone retaining walls to terrace the rough terrain of the island in order to expand the monastic settlement within the inner enclosure and provide locations for gardens outside the enclosure (Department of Art, Heritage & Local Government, 2010). According to World Heritage Ireland, these large walls not only protected the precariously perched settlement, but also provided a sort of microclimate that allowed the monks to grow the food they needed (2010).
Inside of this retaining wall enclosure, the monks built the necessary structures for the monastery – churches, living quarters, a hermitage, cisterns, and even a cemetery. Almost all of the construction is dry-stone construction made from the rocks on t...
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...he site is also significant because of its amazing architectural feats, which allowed the monastic settlement to thrive for nearly half a century. These traits fulfill the World Heritage Selection Criteria III and IV, as outlined in the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention.
Like all other potential World Heritage Sites, Skellig Michael had to go through the inscription process. This process can take years to finish, beginning with placement on a Tentative List and going through the compilation of a nomination file, evaluation by an Advisory Body, and finally a decision by the World Heritage Committee. By making it onto the World Heritage List, a site, such as Skellig Michael, is marked as place of Outstanding Universal Value, of significance to people from all around the world, and deserving of their respect and protection.
The article hypothesized that since the entrance of the cave had some fluvial action, there would no archaeological material that would have been preserved. The authors talked about the two natural contexts that is used by prehistoric mud glyph artists: alluvial mud bank and thin clay veneers. The authors claim that they understand the used and the preservations of the alluvia...
In these outlying buildings de Sarzec discovered about thirty thousand inscribed clay tablets, the record archives of the temple. The tablets contained the business records, the nature of its property, the methods used to cultivate the land, methods on herding its animals, and its commercial and industrial dealings. The ancie... ... middle of paper ... ... A shaped frame.
Standing there over such a long time, it has been the subject of research and mystery in general, for a really long time. Dozens of notable scientists, emperors and others expressed their admiration and interest through different means of explorations and excavations. There have been various theories on how it was built, and what the purpose of it was, and some of them are really intriguing and interesting such. Some thought it was built as a solar-lunar calendar, some said that it had medical purposes for the giants that had built it, it was considered a ceremonial place, temple of veneration, a portal and lastly but not less important, there were some associations of Stonehenge to the aliens. The two specific theories on the Stonehenge’s importance will be discussed and summarized in this essay.
Stonehenge is located in Southern England on what is known as the Salisbury Plain. The structure looks different than it once did, however. Today, Stonehenge suffers the effects of time and pernicious acts by people. Originally, in the years after completion, the structure was made up of “several concentric circles of megaliths, very large stones.” (5) Stonehenge consists a circular layout of approximately one hundred megaliths. On the tops of them another flat stone was placed to make a continuous ring of horizontal stones. These structures are known as trilithons.
The wooden lintels, writing, and the unique calendar reveal clues about life in a society that thrived for over 1000 years. Many massive building are visible today, those built to pay tribute to kings and to please the deities. The M...
In Dr. Osman’s lecture and in Life and Miracles of St. Benedict, monasteries were portrayed as places for people to escape the harsh times and live together worshipping God. In The Dark Ages, the narrator discusses how many nuns and monks would try to escape because they were forced to go there, some even going as far as scaling the walls of their convent or monastery. These holy places offered many people the escape and religious freedom that they craved, but not everyone loved the strict life that monks and nuns lived. (The Dark Ages, “Marriage of Monks and
Leniaud, Jean-Michel and Francoise Perrot. The Sainte Chapelle. Paris: Centre des monuments nationaux, 2007. Print .
...tures are built in the attempt to be noticed for their cultural significance but not as a main religious gathering place, and they both have spacious ambulatories for flow of spectators. Now in contrast of the two monuments, the pair have differences in their imagery, exterior as well as added spacing. The Dome of the Rock has mosaics on its exterior and interior and the mosaics are non representational. The overall shape of the temple is simply a dome on a octagonal base. However, San Vitale has multiple images of figures and animals but excludes it to only its interior. In addition, unlike the Dome of the Rock, its floor plan consists of a narthax, two towers, an apse and two chapels. By studying these monuments, it is possible to understand the importance of religious or cultural imagery as well as limiting materials for construction in these distinctive areas.
...des us with a glimpse into the ancient culture using beautiful and detailed designs. The art form has been sustained in fired clay for thousands of years indiscriminately telling its story to the world and to history.
The strength of a gothic building is made to reside in a finely organized framework rather than in its walls. This framework, which consists of perfectly placed piers, arches and buttresses, frees up any unessential impediment of walls and presents a light feeling. The stability of the building depends only on inert massiveness in its outermost parts, whose opposing forces counteract each other in a perfect stability of thrust and counterthrust. Gothic architecture is an artistic, strategic system of engineering, schemes for building were followed for elevations, termed quadratum (four sided) and triangulorum (three sided). 2 This system allowed them to raise their ideal structures according to symbolic measure and numbers reflecting the geometry of the New Jerusalem and its prototype, the Temple of Solomon. (Figure 1.1)
...e as a sacrifice or just for food (Balter, 2014). This means people would have traveled potentially long distances to reach these special events. Rituals at Stonehenge, Durrington Walls, and Woodhenge were likely a huge deal at this time, big enough to attract people all over the region. The people of Late Neolithic Britain were kinship based people who highly revered the dead and honored them with building great structures. These structures remain today and researchers constantly discover new things and ask new questions about them. The solstitial alignments of Stonehenge, Woodhenge, and Durrington Walls made them each a huge part of a ritual that was significant for the peoples’ culture. It shows their advances in knowledge of the rising and setting sun, and they used those events to create magnificent structures that attract the awe of thousands of people today.
It is interesting story that the cathedrals try to tell with scholasticism, politics, and the religion under the influential umbrella of the Christian ideology. While it was a very practical and expressive on its own rights a magnificent feat in engineering and symbolically; the most notable part...
...re that was most unique to the Early Dynastic period was the oval enclosure with a centralized platform to lend stability to the shrine. Storage were found near the enclosure. The Temple Oval at Khafaje best exemplifies the unique formation of the oval enclosure in the temples. This enclosure had a double perimeter wall present which was highly unusual for enclosures. Another oval temple was found that Tell al Ubaid, which had a rectangular platform in the center. In the front of this platform there were elaborate decorations, which were belived to have fallen from the façade of the temple which had stood on the platform. Besides these oval temples there were also plans of temples with a number of single or double roomed shrines, one noteworthy temple is from Tell Chuera in North Syria. This design plan yields a closer resemblance to the west and megaron buildings.
This class has examined the various accomplishments of ancient Rome, many that have been carried on throughout time and influenced numerous cultures around the world. Amongst those accomplishments were the development of concrete and the utilization of arches. This paper will examine the Roman development of both concrete and the infamous concrete arch that is utilized in many modern day structures today.
International Cultural Tourism Charter: Managing Tourism at Places of Heritage Significance, ICOMOS, viewed 3 May 2014, http://www.icomos.org/tourism/charter.html