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Oswald’s Restoration Theory of Sleep 1966
A paper on sleep
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Sleep
The average person spends one-third of their life sleeping. Currently very little is known about why we sleep, which is interesting because there has been lot of research. Studies have shown that sleeping can benefit memory, increase awareness, and even lower stress. The study of sleep is important because it could reveal how the brain works, a less time-consuming alternative, leading to a more productivity, and even improvements in general health. Currently there is only speculation and theories for why we sleep, and dream. With all the theories out there it is hard to pick out which one is correct, which is why all should be studied. Through this paper I hope to learn more about why we sleep, and what are some possible alternatives. Another question that intrigues me, that I hope to learn more about, is what our brains do during sleep that makes it so vital. A third topic of interest, to me, in this field is the science of dreaming, why we do it and what they can tell us. Although tons of research has been conducted in the field it is still considered to be a major gray area in science. Several colleges now offer classes that explore the mysteries of the sleep world. Many scientists say that sleep is one of the biggest untouched gold mines in science today. Further progress could lead to an increase in productivity, health, and wellbeing, making it a valuable and interesting topic to research.
Why do we Sleep?
Scientists have studied sleep from many different angles but still can't tell us why we do it. Studies have been conducted on sleep deprivation, sleep patterns, and the different stages of sleep. In spite decades of increasing research and discoveries the question, "why we sleep" has yet to be answere...
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...In essence, the theory states that bad dreams act as a device used to prepare the individual for a threat of any kind. Even though the nightmare may be unrealistic, the theory states that it still has a purpose in preparing for combatting and avoiding any threat.
Theories are difficult, because they haven’t, yet, been proven, or disproven, making a definitive answer implausible. For now there is no answer for “Why we Dream”, but we can continue our search for a correct theory, in hopes that we do indeed find one.
Although the questions of this paper could not be answered directly, it is important to study theories as they are the foundation for research and new knowledge in the field. Additionally an accurate theory is equal to an inaccurate one, as both spark questions, debates, and new ideas all adding knowledge to the gray area that is the world of sleep.
All mammals exhibit Rapid-Eye-Movement, or REM, sleep, and yet on certain levels this type of sleep would seem to be disadvantageous. During REM sleep, which is when most dreams occur, the brain uses much more energy than during non-REM (NREM) sleep. (1) This "waste" of energy coupled with the increased vulnerability of this state on account of the body's paralysis at this time suggests that there must be a very important reason, or reasons, for the existence of REM sleep and in extension of dreams. Determining the function of dreams, however, has proved very problematic with many arguments which directly oppose each other. Some of the primary functions of dreaming have been tied to is role in development, its production of neuro-proteins, and also to how it may allow for the "rehearsal" of neurons and neuronal pathways. The influence of dreaming on learning is one of the hottest debates. Some argue that dreams aid in learning, others that dreams aid in forgetting, and yet others that dreams have no effect on learning or memory. That REM sleep seems to aid in development might argue that REM sleep may be connected to learning. It seems that most scientists believe that REM sleep aids in certain memory consolidations although some argue that it actually leads to "reverse learning.
Webb, W. B., & Cartwright, R. D. (1978). Sleep and Dreams. Annual Review of Psychology, 29(1), 223-252. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.29.020178.001255
Getting sufficient sleep is a basic human need and is vital for life. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, sleep is a high priority for survival. Having enough sleep is therefore important to restore body and brain functions, preserve energy, maintain general well-being and prevent illnesses.
When most people think of sleep, they think of it as a relaxed but yet not a very important part of our daily lives. What most people don’t understand is although we are not up and moving around and getting tasks completed, our brains are still very active. Without sleep our bodies do not function correctly on a daily basis, and our mental state is at risk.
Sleep is one of our basic needs to survive and to function in day to day operations, but not everyone needs the same amount of sleep. Some people can survive on very little sleep, i.e. five hours a night, and some people need a lot of sleep, to the extend that they are sleeping up to 10 to sometimes 15 hours a night (Nature, 2005). According to Wilson (2005) the general rule states that most people need from seven to eight hours of sleep. The deprivation of sleep in our society in continually increasing with the demands in society increasing work loads, the myth that a few hours of sleep is only necessary to function properly and that sleep is sometimes considered as killing time (Nature, 2005). Sometimes sleep deprivation is also caused by other situations like sleep disorders, i.e. sleep apnea, chronic insomnia or medical conditions such as stress (Wilson, 2005).
Kales, A. (1972). The evaluation and treatment of sleep disorders : Pharmacological and psychological studies. In M. Chase (ed.)The Sleeping Brain. Los Angeles : Brain Information Service.
Sleep is one of the unavoidable daily-living activities and it is one of the most important factors contributing to a person’s health. A quality sleep is essential for the physical, cognitive and psychological well-being of a person. Learning, memory processing and maintenance of the brain are among the most important functions of sleep. In addition to maintaining the brain, sleep has important roles in controlling the functions of many other body systems. Sleep-related issues are common in today’s society, especially in high school and college students’ populations. “In recent surveys, nearly 75% of university students reported occasional sleep problems such as difficulty in falling asleep, sleep disturbances, delayed sleep phase syndrome and excessive daytime sleepiness” (Altun, Insaf, et al.). These sleep
Going into this class, I only knew the fundamentals of electromagnetic waves present in the brain during the various stages of sleep and basic information about some of the most common sleep disorders. Through my research for the various presentations in this class I learned about the psychological implications of some of the more obscure topics related to sleep including sleep
Sleeping is something that is an essential part of human nature and is a must in order for one to be a functional human being. Sleep is an idea that is accompanied by many wives’ tales, including the idea that one needs seven to eight hours of sleep each night and alcohol helps one fall asleep and sleep more soundly. One myth about sleep is that during sleep, one is in a state of nothingness. In truth, however, it has been discovered that during sleep the brain is active, variations in heartbeat and breathing occur, and the eyes and ears are active throughout the time of sleep. These activities during a person’s sleep are important because they help that person be more aware, awake, and alert during sleep.
Each night, the average person spends approximately 7-9 hours giving their bodies a restful vacation in the land of dreams. Considering this, we spend 1/3 (or 25 years) of our entire lives engaging in this idle activity. Although these numbers can appear as a waste of time in our every day lives, sleeping and/or napping is the energy that helps fuel our bodies to function correctly. Sleep is a necessary function in our every day routine in order to make our brains function at the most efficient level. As we sleep, the brain helps us to recuperate and regain strength by “restoring and repairing the brain tissue” (Myers, 2010, p 99). Without this reviving process, we would all eventually deteriorate. By impairing the sleep deprived mentally and physically, it can potentially cause serious harm. We must fade our conscious mind, and let our mind relax within subconscious state.
Important public policy issues have arisen in our modern 24-hour society, where it is crucial to weigh the value of sleep versus wakefulness. Scientific knowledge about sleep is currently insufficient to resolve the political and academic debates raging about how much and when people should sleep. These issues affect almost everybody, from the shift worker to the international traveler, from the physician to the policy maker, from the anthropologist to the student preparing for an exam.
Sleep is very important for human beings. Sleeping means taking rest for every person and each person spends one-third of his lifetime sleeping. Without sleeping, no one can exist in this world. Sleeping is essential for a person’s health and well-being throughout his life. Getting enough quality sleep at the right times helps all people protect their mental health, physical health and safety. A person who does not get enough sleep might suffer from mental disorders, diseases and even harmful situations. Therefore, it is important for every human being to have enough sleep.
Vgontzas, A. N., and A. Kales. "Sleep and its Disorders." Annual Review of Medicine 50 (1999): 387-400. ProQuest. Web. 13 Dec. 2013.
For thousands of years humans have experienced a phenomenon which we describe today as dreaming. It has puzzled and sparked interest to all whom experience it. For as long as people have been dreaming, there have been people trying to understand and interpret them. This research paper examines the causation and deeper meaning of dreams. It will compare and contrast the differentiating ideas on the subject by famous psychologists and also examine first-hand accounts from real individuals. The objective of paper is to shed some light on this complex and bizarre behavior.
Sleep is one of the very few biological urges beyond our control. We as humans value our periods of sleep and dread the moments when sleep is interpreted. Sleep can be defined as the state of mind when we go through muscle relaxation, low sensory activity, and a reduced interaction with our surroundings (Goldstein 2014). The brain creates a sleep-wake cycle of approximately 24 hours, even in an unchanging environment. It is important to ask, what exactly occurs when we sleep?