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The Roles of NREM and REM Sleep On Memory Consolidation
All mammals exhibit Rapid-Eye-Movement, or REM, sleep, and yet on certain levels this type of sleep would seem to be disadvantageous. During REM sleep, which is when most dreams occur, the brain uses much more energy than during non-REM (NREM) sleep. (1) This "waste" of energy coupled with the increased vulnerability of this state on account of the body's paralysis at this time suggests that there must be a very important reason, or reasons, for the existence of REM sleep and in extension of dreams. Determining the function of dreams, however, has proved very problematic with many arguments which directly oppose each other. Some of the primary functions of dreaming have been tied to is role in development, its production of neuro-proteins, and also to how it may allow for the "rehearsal" of neurons and neuronal pathways. The influence of dreaming on learning is one of the hottest debates. Some argue that dreams aid in learning, others that dreams aid in forgetting, and yet others that dreams have no effect on learning or memory. That REM sleep seems to aid in development might argue that REM sleep may be connected to learning. It seems that most scientists believe that REM sleep aids in certain memory consolidations although some argue that it actually leads to "reverse learning.
Before discussing the role of NREM and REM in learning, it is necessary to clarify the identity of and differences between the two. This type of sleep is marked by different stages based on different the different brainwaves exhibited. REM sleep differs from NREM in that most dreams occur during REM sleep although the two activities are not synonymous. REM is also marked by an incre...
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http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro03/web1/alippman.html
3)The REM Sleep-Memory Consolidation Hypothesis," article on Center for Sleep Research's homepage, Interesting site for sleep disorders
http://www.nrip.ucla.edu/sleepresearch/science/1058full.html
4)Nature website, good for scientific articles
http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/news020218/020218-20
5)MIT News website, interesting articles
http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2002/dreams.html
6); TALK ABOUT SLEEP, Inc., basics answers about sleep
http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro03/web2/)%20http://www.talkaboutsleep.com/basics/Sleep_Understanding_NINDS.htm
7)Harvard Undergraduate Society for Neuroscience, connected to Computer Science Program
http://hcs.harvard.edu/~husn/BRAIN/vol1/sleep.html
8)UCSC Psych Website,
http://psych.ucsc.edu/dreams/Articles/purpose.html
Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2008). Reactivation and consolidation of memory during sleep. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 188-192. doi: 10.1111/j.14678721.2008.00572.x
The constant rhythm throughout the poem gives it a light beat, like a waltz; the reader feels like s/he is dancing. The rhyme pattern of...
“There is no worse tyranny than to force a man to pay for what he does not want.” (Robert A. Heinlein) This is what is currently happening to families that do not use their local public school system. Private school families, childless families, and families that no longer have children in school should not have to pay public school taxes for their local township. This is because, unlike public school users, these families do not use this particular public service. Therefore, these families should not be required to pay public school taxes.
This essay's primary objective is to look closer and compare Desk Suit 1936 by Elsa Schiaparelli to Anthropomorphic Chest of Drawers, 1936 by Salvador Dali. These two pieces of art although so different, have a lot in common. To find out more and explore the world of surrealism, it will be worth studying and reviewing each art work based on the information found in several books about Salvador Dali and Elsa Schiaparelli as well as in other sources, such as You tube, journals, articles and web sites. For this purpose, the essay will open with a review of the work of Salvador Dali followed by research on Elsa Schiaparelli's design, before finally comparing them in relation to surrealism. During the course of this essay themes such as surrealism, motif of drawers, fashion as an art and influence of surrealism on current days will be explored using the theories of a number of experts.
This essay's primary objective is to look closer at Desk Suit , 1936, by Elsa Schiaparelli and compare it to Anthropomorphic Chest of Drawers, 1936, by Salvador Dali. These two pieces of art although so different, have a lot in common. To find out more and explore the world of surrealism, it will be worth studying and reviewing each art work based on the information found in several books about Salvador Dali and Elsa Schiaparelli as well as in other sources, such as You tube, journals, articles and web sites. For this purpose, the essay will open with a review of the work of Salvador Dali followed by a research on Elsa Schiaparelli's design, before finally comparing them in relation to surrealism. During the course of this essay themes such as surrealism, motif of drawers, fashion as an art and the influence of surrealism on current days, will be explored through the views of a various art critics.
In the early 1920 a new era of art began one that required you to think deep and investigate our thoughts to understand the depiction of life or a dream state. Imagination, subconscious and conscious minds are all apart of creating surrealistic art; Surrealism is not just paintings and sculptures it also includes literature. Art from all over was now made to “evoke a response” from the world around them and the war that took it over. Artist like Max Earnest and Salvador Dali were huge influences for this movement and made great contributions through thei r artistic genius and ability to self-analysis and express. “Swans Reflecting Elephants” is an amazing painting created by Salvador Dali and “The Elephants Celebes” by Max Ernest.
The Surrealist movement unlike Dada was made of components: artist, poets, writers all rallied under Andre Breton, a poet, who’s Surrealist Manifesto in 1924. For Brenton, automatism, hallucinatory, and irrational thought associations and recollected dream images which allowed the liberation the psyche from its enslavement to reason. It glorifies irrationality and gives and gives an objective status to a wide range of fantastic imagery. Surrealism was revolution not only in style but also in philosophy. Surrealism questioned humanity’s entire relationship and perspective with our sense of reality. They argued that in order to give existence any meaning—to give our actions and statements meaning— humans must construct a belief system, a form of reality around us. Yet there are points where humanity reaches a point when the injustice of life gives us a feeling of senselessness. Yet, surrealist wanted to reawaken man’s talents for the irrational, the fantastical, and the spiritual that had been hidden deeply under Modernism and Humanism. Surrealism reconciled all contradictions in thought and in human condition, enabling the mind to leap barriers of reason and dreaming and reason and madness. The surrealist vision searches for a high reality through the mediums of the subconscious. Surrealist art was to reconcile the differences between man—the social animal, and man – the individual as well as the differences between man’s conscious and subconscious. Its task was to bridge the twin components into something newer, a greater reality.
Abduzeedo Design Inspiration. 2014. More of Alex Andreyev's Surreal Illustrations. [ONLINE] Available at: http://abduzeedo.com/more-alex-andreyevs-surreal-illustrations. [Accessed 23 March 2014].
In recent years’ health reform has been a driving force in the United States political system. If you watch the news you will undoughtabley hear how citizens, the government, or the economy is or might be effected by some sort of change in medical regulation. One of these hot topic issues is the cost of prescription drugs. Every major drug market besides the United States regulates the price of drugs in some way (Abbott and Vernon). By the United states not doing so many believes it opens consumers up to be exploited by large pharmaceuticals companies. Other believe regulating drug prices limits investment, innovation, and competition in the pharmaceutical industry. In many ways both views are correct yet the later may have more long term lasting
Many studies of the role of sleep are partial or total sleep deprivation studies which support Oswold’s restoration theory. One of these supporting studies was Dement’s. He deprived participants of REM sleep and consequently found that they increased their number of attempted REM stages from 12 to 26 over 4-7 nights. During their first uninterrupted night, participants increased their REM sleep by 10% which is known as REM rebound. This suggests the importance of REM and the possibility that the purpose of sleep is to get into REM sleep. The participants reported anxiety, irritability and difficulty concentrating which shows that REM sleep is needed to avoid these affects and enable brain recovery which corresponds with Oswold’s theory. Even so, Dement’s study has low ecological validity, it has low population validity because there were only 8 participants and they were a self-selected sample. Participants would probably have shown demand characteristics because the experiment took place in a lab. It also has low mundane realism because people would not usually sleep in a lab and be interrupted repeatedly.
Payne, Jessica D., and Lynn Nadel. "Sleep, Dreams, and Memory Consolidation: The Role of the
As I said above, the meaning of civilization and freedom is changing, and it happens daily. I agree that people who don’t want to learn from the past will lose much more than what they want. But on the other hand, there is still hope to be found. Even though the spirit of civilization has been forgotten, people can cooperate in networks now to connect and communicate. When an event or disaster occurs, people can gather on the internet, and make public forums to either help or hurt the cause. I don’t necessarily like to network via the internet, but if it is a means for people to come together and connect then maybe not all hope is lost for civilization and it’s a small but gradual step towards uniting as one.
In this Forum on Sleep and Dreams, we will see how the diversity of academic disciplines can help to answer important questions about sleep and dreaming—questions that may touch the basis of human intellect. The Forum is fortunate in...
Figure 2, which is the first historical example, The Persistance of Memory by Salvador Dali. This is said to be the ideal Surrealist image. Surrealist’s often invented new forms to symbolize the unconscious, while in this picture Dali represented his hallucinations with meticulous realism (Brahman et al., 2001: 1). The
Rasch, Björn, and Jan Born. "About Sleep 's Role in Memory." Physiological Reviews. American Physiological Society, n.d. Web. 06 May 2016.