Whooping cough, also known as Pertussis, is called the “whooping cough” because after people with this infectious disease cough severely, they gasp for air which sounds similar to a whooping sound. People afflicted with this disease often find have trouble breathing, eating, or sleeping because they have to cough so much. People may cough so severely that their face may turn purple or red. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, after being infected with whooping cough, around 6% of adults have passed out while around 4% have fractured ribs because of the severe coughing. Currently, there are around 16 million cases per year worldwide of people being infected with Whooping cough, most of those being in developing countries. Of those, 195,000 cases result in death.
Whooping cough is a highly infectious respiratory disease that can affect people of all ages. While this disease is not usually deadly, it can be life- threatening to babies less than 12- months old. This disease is also sometimes called the “100 Day cough” because this infection can last up to 10 weeks or more. (CDC).
Early symptoms of whooping cough are similar to those of the common cold which include coughing and runny noses. Later on, people will exhibit more serious
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symptoms such as coughing fits which end with a whooping sound, throwing up after having coughing fits, and being exhausted after coughing Whooping cough is most often caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis or a mild type of Bordetella parapertussis.
This disease can also occasionally be caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica. Bordetella pertussis are aerobic coccobacilli which are gram- negative, human- specific pathogens. This bacteria thus uses aerobic respiration for metabolism. This bacteria is “encapsulated and does not produce spores” (NCBI) B. pertussis typically lives in the human respiratory mucosa although it may survive for a few days on contaminated objects. The bacteria attach to cilia that is part of the upper respiratory epithelium and harm them by releasing toxins in the area. This leads to the inflammation of the
airways. This disease can spread very easily and is transmitted through being in close proximity to someone who is afflicted with Whooping cough. People infected may spread this disease when they sneeze or cough as the bacteria may be transmitted to those near them by airborne droplets. People who are infected with this disease are most contagious during the early phase of this disease and continue to be infectious for on- average 5 weeks. Being vaccinated against Whooping cough is the best way to avoid catching this disease. Vaccines such as the DTaP and Tdap can prevent children and adults from being infected with whooping cough. DTaP is generally effective 80- 90% of the time while Tdap is effective around 70% of the time as long as children receive their doses on schedule. Although after being vaccinated, people can still be infected with this respiratory illness, the infection will most likely not have as serious effects compared to those who are not vaccinated. Recovering from whooping cough is a very slow process. People do not have as many coughing fits and cough less severely. However, they can still have coughing fits from time to time in the next few months.
Bordetella pertussis is a highly communicable agent and is transmitted person-to-person via airborne droplets or direct contact with discharges from the respiratory mucous membranes of an infected person. This small, gram-negative coccobacillus is non-motile, aerobic and fastidious. B. pertussis colonizes the respiratory tract including the mouth, nose, throat and beginning of the lungs of young children worldwide. The bacteria bind to ciliated cells in the respiratory mucosa by producing adhesions. Filamentous hemagglutinin on the cell surface and pertussis toxin (Ptx) both help the bacteria in binding. Filamentous hemagglutinin binds to the galactose residues on the glycolipid of the ciliated cells. Ptx, in its cell-bound form, binds to the glycolipid lactosylceramide, which is also found on the ciliated cells. Ptx binds to the surface of phagocytes as well, causing phagocytosis of the bacteria. This mechanism may lead to enhanced survival as an intracellular parasite. Adding to its many purposes, Ptx deregulates the host cell adenylate cyclase activity. The A subunit of this AB toxin, affects the G protein responsible for inhibiting adenylate cyclase. This leads to an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) creating detrimental metabolic changes in the host cells.
For the disease to occur, Bordetella pertussis evades the host immune system and is disseminate in the lower respiratory tract. Inhaled bacteria droplets then attach to the ciliated epithelial cells in the nasal-pharynx and trachea. It is at this point that Bordetella pertussis produces virulent factors that are classified into two; adhesins and toxins. Adhesins mediate bacterial attachment to the epithelial cells while toxins that mediate the host immune system. Adhesins include; filamentous haemagglutinin, fimbriae and pertactin while toxins include pertussis toxin, tracheal cytotoxin and adenylate cyclase toxin(1). To understand the role of these virulence factors in whooping cough disease, a mouse model has been used (2).
Pertussis: Pertussis also known as whopping cough is a highly contagious bacterial disease that causes an uncontrollable, severe coughing. It is a serious disease that can affect individual of all ages with severe complication resulting in permanent disability in infants and lastly death. The fact that this 7-months old baby stay up night, inability to sleep can make it hard to breathe. Burns, Cotter, Harvill, Hewlett, Merkel, Stibitz & Quinn explained that pertussis is an upper respiratory infection caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacteria in addition to the systemic manifestations such as “lympocytosis, dysregulated secr...
My disease is Streptococcal pneumonia or pneumonia is caused by the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae is present in human’s normal flora, which normally doesn’t cause any problems or diseases. Sometimes though when the numbers get too low it can cause diseases or upper respiratory tract problems or infections (Todar, 2008-2012). Pneumonia caused by this pathogen has four stages. The first one is where the lungs fill with fluid. The second stage causes neutrophils and red blood cells to come to the area which are attracted by the pathogen. The third stage has the neutrophils stuffed into the alveoli in the lungs causing little bacteria to be left over. The fourth stage of this disease the remaining residue in the lungs are take out by the macrophages. Aside from these steps pneumonia follows, if the disease should persist further, it can get into the blood causing a systemic reaction resulting in the whole body being affected (Ballough). Some signs and symptoms of this disease are, “fever, malaise, cough, pleuritic chest pain, purulent or blood-tinged sputum” (Henry, 2013). Streptococcal pneumonia is spread through person-to-person contact through aerosol droplets affecting the respiratory tract causing it to get into the human body (Henry, 2013).
Craven , D., & Hjalmarson, K. (2010). Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis and pneumonia: thinking outside the box. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication Of The Infectious Diseases Society Of America , 1, p.S59-66. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?sid=44b983f2-9b91-407c-a053-fd8507d9a657@sessionmgr4002&vid=9&hid=116&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ==
later brings up green and yellow mucus. The cough may persist to 4 to 6
The bacteria which cause tuberculosis are spread through the air. The bacteria can goes in the air when someone with TB coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. If someone exposed to a TB patient are more chance to have the infection.
According to the Website Medicine Net, Whooping Cough (pertussis) is an acute, highly contagious respiratory infection that is initiated by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Furthermore, Whooping Cough routinely sways infants and young children but can be stopped by immunization with the pertussis vaccine. Additionally from my research in Seattle Times it states that California had more than 9,000 situations, including 10 deaths. Washington has had 10 times the cases reported in 2011, and so has Wisconsin with almost 2,000 cases this year. although young kids are in much crisis then adults to getting influenced by the Whooping Cough due to not getting the vaccine when enrolling in a middle school or high school. The relationship between the pertussis vaccines and the present outbreak of the Whooping Cough is that in their states health officials are endeavoring to get any person they can vaccinated before the whooping hack disperse and sway more people because it was said that some persons may not be adept to get vaccinated due to having critical allergies, weak immune system from ...
Sarah C.P. Williams, Babies Vulnerable When Mom Waits to Get Whooping Cough Vaccine, My Health News Daily, http://www.myhealthnewsdaily.com/newborns-vulnerable-pertussis-postpartum-vacciene-1979/, October 6, 2011
His positive result of nasopharyngeal aspirate for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) indicates that Liam has acute bronchiolitis, which is a viral infection (Glasper & Richardson, 2010). “Bronchiolitis is the most common reason for admission to hospital in the first 6 months of life. It describes a clinical syndrome of cough tachypnoea, feeding difficulties and respiratory crackles in chest auscultation” (Fitzgerald, 2011, p.160). Bronchiolitis can cause respiratory distress and desaturation (91% in the room air) due to airway blockage; therefore the infant appears to have nasal flaring, intercostal and subcostal retractions, and tachypnoea (54 breathes/min) during breathing (Glasper & Richardson, 2010). Tachycardia (152 beats/min) could occur due to hypoxemia and compensatory mechanism for low blood pressure (74/46mmHg) (Fitzgerald, 2011; Glasper & Richardson, 2010).
Vaccines have been around for hundreds of years starting in 1796 when Edward Jenner created the first smallpox vaccine. Jenner, an English country doctor noticed cowpox, which were blisters forming on the female cow utters. Jenner then took fluid from the cow blister and scratched it into an eight-year-old boy. A single blister came up were the boy had been scratched but it quickly recovered. After this experiment, Jenner injected the boy with smallpox matter. No disease arose, the vaccine was a success. Doctors all around Europe soon began to proceed in Jenner’s method. Seven different vaccines came from the single experimental smallpox vaccine. Now the questions were on the horizon. Should everyone be getting vaccinations? Where’s the safety limit? How can they be improved? These questions needed answers, and with a couple hundred years later with all the technology, we would have them(ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a respiratory tract infection characterized by a violent cough. The violent cough incudes a series of severe uncontrollable coughing, hacking, or whooping. (1) Pertussis is a very contagious disease caused by bacteria named Bordetella pertussis, which is transmitted through fluids from sneezing or coughing around a person’s breathing space. The bacteria release toxins, damage cilia, and cause airways to swell.
2. Being very young or very old is also a risk factor, mainly because people in extremes of age have weaker immunity as an inbuilt factor. Thrush is very common in babies, however it is not considered much serious in infants unless it lasts more than two weeks (Zubik L).
I chose my PEP by watching a YouTube video called “Garbage Island: An Ocean Full of Plastic”. I was interested in this topic so I decided to do my Time PEP on what I watched. This unit relates directly with time, as time passes the ocean becomes polluted with plastic particles.
This disease can also be caused by the air born drops to enter the body through respiration.