Fallacy Assignment “Hitler was a vegetarian, therefore, I don’t trust vegetarians.” This is an example of an inductive fallacy, as well as hasty generalization. Hasty generalization is when one comes to a conclusion without having enough logical support. Although Hitler was a vegetarian and he is not trustworthy, thus does not mean that all vegetarians are not trustworthy. The author of the quote is just assuming that since Hitler is not trustworthy, that every vegetarian is as well. Instead of saying “Hitler was a vegetarian, therefore, I don’t trust vegetarians”, the author should have said, “Hitler was untrustworthy, as well as a vegetarian. “Ford makes the best pickup trucks in the world. After all, more people drive Ford pickups than …show more content…
The crystal made my headache go away.” This is an example of an inductive fallacy as well as a false cause. A false cause occurs when one believes that a certain event caused another one to happen the way it did. Just because the authors headache was gone 5 minutes after he or she placed the quartz crystal on their head, does not mean that that is what caused their head to stop hurting. Instead of saying “I placed the quartz crystal on my forehead, and in five minutes my headache was gone. The crystal made my headache go away.” The person should have said, “I placed a quartz crystal on my forehead, and in just 5 minutes my headache was gone. “Since I brought my umbrella, it didn’t rain.” This is an example of an inductive fallacy, as well as a false cause. A false cause occurs when one believes that a certain event caused another one to happen the way it did. This person believes that if they didn’t bring their umbrella that it would have rained. However that person having their umbrella did not cause it not to rain, it was just simply not going to rain that day. Instead of saying “Since I brought my umbrella, it didn’t rain.” The person should have said “Although it didn’t rain, I brought my
Summary – There are seven logical sins but the main three comes down to bad proof, bad conclusion, and disconnect between proof and conclusion. We all are bound to mistakes, especially during an argument, but it is very important to detect fallacies and understand how to get out of them if we wish to use them because it can damage the persuasion left on the
With inductive reasoning, jumping to conclusions is what the process calls for, but what Schulz is getting at is not the problem of jumping to conclusions; it is the problem of not overturning the false accusations of the assumption, thus creating stereotypes. Schulz expresses the frustration with the stubbornness behind stereotypes by exclaiming, “If the stereotypes we generate based on the small amount of evidence could be overturned by equally small amounts of counterevidence, this particular feature of inductive reasoning wouldn’t be terribly worrisome” (371). This problem that’s birthed from inductive reasoning is what Schulz wants us to “actively combat our inductive biases: to deliberately seek out evidence that challenges our beliefs, and to take seriously such evidence when we come across it”(373). Schulz wants us to challenge evidence when confronted rather than fall into the pitfalls of ignorant assumptions. Nearing the end of the chapter, Schulz warns that with attending to counterevidence is not hard, its conscious cultivation that’s the important key, without that key, “our strongest beliefs are determined by mere accidents of fate”(377). There is a threshold of new evidence above which our opinions would be amended, but what Schulz repeatedly brings us is that in many cases, that the threshold is not
An example is “For instance, swine and humans are similar enough that they can share many diseases” (Dicke and Van Huis 345). The authors create a Hasty Generalization fallacy by concluding that because humans and swine are similar, they share diseases. Furthermore, this makes the audience feel lost because the authors do not provide evidence of how “swine and humans are similar” (Dicke and Van Huis 345). Similarly, the author says that “Because insects are so different from us, such risks are accordingly lowered” (Dicke and Van Huis 345). Again, the author fails to provide a connection between how the risk of getting an infection is lowered because humans and insects are different. The authors also create a Hasty Generalization fallacy because they conclude that the risk of humans getting infected is lowered just because insects and humans are different. In summary, the use of fallacies without providing evidence and makes the readers feel
...w. There is nothing enabling a scientist to say that induction is a suitable arrangement of evidence in which there is no way to account for the evidence, therefor being no liability in using induction to verify the statement.
Foundationalism addresses the infinite regress problem in the following way: if person O is to be justified in having belief X, X must be justified by a further belief Y, which must inferentially justify belief X. Furthermore, Y must be justified by another belief, Z. Instead of following this line infinitely, the foundationalist argues that eventually there must be a foundational belief that is self-justified and capable of justifying any belief that relies on it in turn for its own justification. Accordingly, as an example, belief Z must be able to justify itself without a belief Z1, and be able to justify belief Y at the same time. Thus, inferential justification must be possible for non-foundational beliefs; noninferential justification must also be possible as well. How one arrives at noninferentially justified beliefs is one of the biggest problems for the foundationalist.
Adolf Hitler was born in Austria-Hungary on April 20, 1889, to mother, Klara Hitler, and father, Alois Hitler; a German by blood.
Though vegetarianism was never a taboo subject as are some other controversial topics, The question of whether or not human beings should live off meat still is highly discussed amongst all types of people. Spiritual leaders, activists, scientists, and doctors have spoken up on behalf of their group’s opinion. Amongst the arguments of what is right when it comes to the food chain, resonating on many a mind is where the concept of vegetarian came from. Was it started as a religious virtue or a moral decision? Perhaps it was a forced lifestyle or a diet trend gone wrong (or right depending). Health wise, which is better for us? Educating ourselves by answering these questions helps us answer the, perhaps, most important question of all. Which lifestyle will we, as individuals, choose?
A fallacy that we experience on a daily basis is “everyone is doing this and that’s why I do the same” that’s a very common fallacy that we don’t only experience, we usually are the abusers too. A final example to illustrate more on fallacies is not getting to the point in a discussion or avoiding the point by changing the subject. Fallacies can be categorized into several types and under each type comes several different kinds of fallacies. Next are the Fallacies of Unclear Language, its obvious from the name what these fallacies are about. One of these fallacies is Vagueness where the wording is not clear enough or could be interpreted in different ways.
“The assumption that animals are without rights, and the illusion that their treatment has no moral significance is a positively outrageous example of Western crudity and barbarity. Universal compassion is the only guarantee of morality."(Schopenhauer). I always wondered why some people are not so drawn to the consumption of meat and fed up with only one thought about it. Why so many people loathe of blood, and why so few people can easily kill and be slaughter animal, until they just get used to it? This reaction should say something about the most important moments in the code, which was programmed in the human psyche. Realization the necessity of refraining from meat is especially difficult because people consume it for a long time, and in addition, there is a certain attitude to the meat as to the product that is useful, nourishing and even prestigious. On the other hand, the constant consumption of meat has made the vast majority of people completely emotionless towards it. However, there must be some real and strong reasons for refusal of consumption of meat and as I noticed they were always completely different. So, even though vegetarianism has evolved drastically over time, some of its current forms have come back full circle to resemble that of its roots, when vegetarianism was an ethical-philosophical choice, not merely a matter of personal health.
For example, in Argument Analysis, we learned about the fallacies of relevance and irrelevant premises. Drawing causal connections are a form of seeking patterns. So the module that the fallacies of false cause should supplement is Investigations, where we touch upon pattern-seeking and solving mysteries. The current module only mentions the Base Rate fallacy, and does not discuss any other fallacies that could accompany it. This makes it one of the least substantial obstacles in the course. Furthermore, false cause is only briefly mentioned at the end of Patterns & Predictions. Adding the fallacies of false cause to this module would therefore greatly expand its fallacy section without becoming too overwhelming, as this would bring it up to the length of the other
The genetic fallacy accepts or discredits a claim based on the circumstances under which the claim originates. If the source is credible, the society takes the claim without questioning. In Thank You for Smoking, Nick Naylor uses this fallacy to sway the emotions of the audience. According to the film, he is “the president of and chief spokesman for the Academy of Tobacco Studies’, a position that sounds notable as it is professional. Based on Nick’s position, the audience takes him as a credible source of information, making it easy for him to persuade.
First, before exploring the possible reasons to dismiss inductive reasoning, it is worth understanding completely how it is applied and justified for application. A helpful argument in understanding induction itself is Russell’s, in which he gives the example that if we hear thunder, it is reasonable to conclude that preceding that thunder came lightning based on our experiences of these occurrences in nature. This idea of past experience is then used to justify the theory of induction, assuming that if we observe that A often happens in relation to B, then we can reasonably conclude that A and B are somehow connected. This also is how the scientific method essentially works. A theory is proposed, followed by an experiment to test said theory, and once the experiment has been repeated to ensure that we have reason enough to believe that A and B cause C, it is accepted as the truth. Thus, the scientific method is the application of induction into practice.
There is a big chance you have heard of Mohandas “Mahatma” Gandhi. Many people recognize Gandhi for his peaceful efforts in the Indian revolution. He fought for civil rights and freedom for Indian citizens from British rule. He was also, and still is, known as one of the greatest thinkers of his time, thus the nick-name Mahatma or, “great soul”. He was known for his peaceful civil disobedience and Ahisma, or nonviolence, including toward animals.
A person that is vegetarian does not eat meat from any type of animal, and that includes seafood, but they can eat cheese, eggs and milk. “About 3% of U.S. adults are considered full-fledged vegetarians”.(Hellmich 4). When people think of vegetarians, they think about weak little hippie girls, and they 're all about world peace. Some things might be true, but the majority is so unbelievably untrue. When other people think about Vegetarians they mostly think of healthy people which is true. They respect the earth more than meat eaters. Also, vegetarian caring about the environment as well, which I 'm going to talk about later. Caring for the environment is an uncommon way of life which vegetarian lives by. Some reasons why vegetarians turn vegetarian is that they want to save animals. Other reason is that they want to save the environment because the majority doesn 't care for it. Vegetarianism is good for many reasons for; instance a person’s health, ethics, and religious beliefs
Islam and Vegetarian sound like two words that contradict. Islam is considered to support meat-eating. As a proof, Islam has annual Eid al-Adha celebration where we sacrifice four-footed animals –and of course eat the meat with family and the poor. Meanwhile, Vegetarianism has it roots from Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. I decided to live a Vegetarian diet just three months ago and I found it in accordance with Islamic values. However, since I live in Indonesia, I get a lot of questions about my new diet and some consider it as against the Prophet Muhammad’s (peace be upon him) deeds. Before I explain the accordance between Islamic values and Vegetarianism, I will explain