Flaccid dysarthria results from damage to the lower motor neurons (LMN) or the peripheral nervous system (Hageman, 1997). The characteristics of flaccid dysarthria generally reflect damage to cranial nerves with motor speech functions (e.g., cranial nerves IX, X, XI and XII) (Seikel, King & Drumright, 2010). Lower motor neurons connect the central nervous system to the muscle fibers; from the brainstem to the cranial nerves with motor function, or from the anterior horns of grey matter to the spinal nerves (Murdoch, 1998). If there are lesions to spinal nerves and the cranial nerves with motor speech functions, it is indicative of a lower motor neuron lesion and flaccid dysarthria. Damage to lower motor neurons that supply the speech muscles is also known as bulbar palsy (Pena-Brooks & Hedge, 2007). Potential etiologies of flaccid dysarthria include spinal cord injury, cerebrovascular accidents, tumors or traumatic brain injury (Pena-Brooks & Hedge, 2007). Possible congenital etiologies of flaccid dysarthria include Moebius syndrome and cerebral palsy. Flaccid dysarthria can also arise from infections such as polio, herpes zoster, and secondary infections to AIDS (Pena-Brooks & Hedge, 2007). Additionally, demyelinating diseases such as Guilian-Barre syndrome and myotonic muscular dystrophy can also lead to flaccid dysarthria (Pena-Brookes & Hedge, 2007). The lower motor neuron lesion results in loss of voluntary muscle control, and an inability to maintain muscle tone. Fasciculations, or twitching movements, may occur if the cell body is involved in the lesion (Seikel et. al., 2010). The primary speech characteristics of flaccid dysarthria include imprecise consonant production, hypernasal resonance, breathiness, and harsh voice (...
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...re (CPAP). Plastic and reconstructive surgery,88(6), 959-969.
Liss, J.M., Kuehn D.P., & Hinkle, K.P. (1994). Direct training of velopharyngeal musculature. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 2, 243-249.
McKeever S, Miller R (2002) Glossopharyngeal breathing to improve functional vital capacity and speech production in a patient with flaccid dysarthria. Journal Medical Speech Language Pathology. 10(4): 307–11
Murdoch, B. E. (Ed.). (1998). Dysarthria: a physiological approach to assessment and treatment. Nelson Thornes.
Pena-Brooks, A., & Hegde, M. N. (2007). 6. Assessment and treatment of articulation and phonological disorders in children. (pp. 364-365). Austin, Tex.: Pro-Ed.
Seikel, J. A., King, D. W., & Drumright, D. G. (2010). 12. Anatomy & physiology for speech, language, and hearing (4th ed., pp. 674-675). Australia: Thomson Delmar Learning.
Paget’s disease (PD), also known as osteitis deformans, is considered to be an osteometabolic disorder. It can be described as a focal disorder of accelerated and disorganized skeletal remodeling that may affect multiple bones in the body, giving rise to progressive enlargement and deformity of the bones and joints.1 PD is prevalent across both the sexes with incidence ranging from 1.5% to 8%.2 It is more common in individuals over 50 years of age.
Commonly know as founder, laminitis is caused by a metabolic disease. Inside the hoof there is a structure called laminae that is made up of epithelium tissue. The laminae is what supports the distal phalanx or coffin bone and hoof wall. Laminitis is when the laminae start’s to degenerate. When the laminae starts to degenerate there is no support for the coffin bone inside of the hoof wall. Depending on the severity the coffin bone can actually go through the sole of the hoof. Laminitis can affect all four feet but it is the most common in the forelimbs.
Disruption of this complex interaction of motor signals towards the formation of speech is known as dysarthria (2). It is sometimes confused with impairment resulting from injury to the "language areas" (1), illustrating the point that the process of producing language is multi-layered, and that it is often hard to tell what is what.
The most common types of topographical types are diplegia, hemiplegia, double hemiplegia, and quadriplegia. The basal ganglia are part of the extrapyramidal system and work in conjunction with the motor cortex in providing movement and serve as the relay center. Damage to this area results in Athetoid Cerebral Palsy, the second most common form of cerebral palsy. Involuntary, purposeless movements, particularly in the arms, hands, and facial muscles, characterize athetosis. In addition, the individual can become “stuck” in abnormal positions or postures and require specific positioning to maintain normal tone and movement.
 Mild, chronic depression has probably existed as long as the human condition, although it has been referred to by various different names. The DSM-III replaced the term “neurotic depression” with dysthymic disorder--which literally means ‘ill-humored’-and it was added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1980
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, is a degenerative disease affecting the human nervous system. It is a deadly disease that cripples and kills its victims due to a breakdown in the body’s motor neurons. Motor neurons are nerve cells in the brainstem and spinal cord that control muscle contractions. In ALS, these neurons deteriorate to a point that all movement, including breathing, halts. Muscle weakness first develops in the muscles of body parts distant from the brain, such as the hands, and subsequently spreads through other muscle groups closer to the brain. Such early symptoms as this, however, can hardly be noticed.
There are two main theories of Speech production, Spreading Activation Theory - SAT (Dell, 1986: Dell & O’Seaghdha, 1991) and Word- Form Encoding by Activation and Verification – WEAVER++ (Levelt et al., 1989: 1999).
... role of infant-directed speech with a computer model. Acoustical Society of America, 4(4), 129-134.
Stahl, S., Duffy-Hester, A., & Stahl, K. (1998). Everything you wanted to know about phonics
command in the rise of muscle tone is sent to the spinal cord from the nerves from the muscle itself, which are called the sensory nerve fibers. The muscles of the patient appear stiff and rather than create smooth and swift movement, appear rigid and jerky. When contracting or moving a muscle to create movement, some muscles are turned on, while others are turned off, making it extremely challenging to move normally. Spasticity, depending on severity, can greatly affects one’s ability to walk, stand, sit in the correct posture and even perform daily tasks such as bathe, get dressed, eat, write, and using the restroom. It can also have an impact on speech, causing the patient to have slow oral movements, slurred speech, and a tight or hoarse
Studdert-Kennedy, M. and Shankweiler, D. (1970). Hemispheric Specialization for Speech Perception. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 48. 579-592.
Initial symptoms are tremor of the hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face, bradykinesia or slowness of movement, rigidity or stiffness, and postural instability or impaired balance. Those are considered primary motor symptoms. Secondary motor symptoms include: Freezing or hesitation in their gate, micrographia or shrinking in handwriting, mask-like expression, and unwanted accelerations or movements that are too quick instead of too slow. Some others that patients may experience are stooped posture, dystonia, speech problems, difficulty swallowing, cramping, and
English and German share some of the articulatory settings, although others are very different. It will be difficult to develop high levels of proficiency in the pronunciation of English with the previously develop articulatory settings of German. This is because of the differences i...
Vowels are represented by five letters and twenty phonemes that are divided into seven short vowels e.g. /e/ and /ʌ/, five long vowels e.g. /u:/ and /a:/, and eight diphthongs /ɪə/ and /ʊə/. Vowels are sounds produced by complete passage of air through the vocal tract, with no complete closure or stricture. Unlike consonants, all vowel phonemes are voiced. When dividing words into syllables, each syllable must contain a vowel and it’s called the nucleus of the syllable. Similarly to consonants, vowel phonemes are described according to the height and place of the tongue in the mouth and the shape of the lips. Firstly, tongue height in the mouth is divided into : high position as in the word keen /i:/, middle position as in the word girdle /ɜː/, and low position as in the word cart /a:/. Secondly, tongue position in the mouth is divided into : front position as in the word sheep /i:/, central position as in the word girl /ɜː/, and back position as in the word pool /u:/. Thirdly, lips positions are recognized as rounded as in the word horse /ɔː/ and unrounded as in the word ship
...ext, animation, graphic, and voice over to give the best impact in learning English phonetics and phonology. The content of the course is based on the textbooks: English Pronunciation in Use by Martin Hewings and Phonetics and Phonology by Peter Roach. The topic covers in this courseware are (1) Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology (2) The Articulators (3) Places of Articulation (4) Manners of Articulations.