Literature review
Briquetting
Briquetting is a mechanical compaction process of binding together pulverized materials into briquette under high pressure, often with the help of a binder. These high density solid blocks can be used as a fuel to replace fossil fuels or wood for cooking and industrial processes. Furthermore, they are cleaner and easier to handle, and cut greenhouse gas emissions.1 This process is used for forming fine particles into a geometric shape and practically identical weight and it increases the density of bulky materials. It is considered as an energy and waste control measure in the production of briquetted from any biomass wastes. However, depending on the wastes of interest, briquetting can be used as fuel source
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This art is subdivided into two parts:-
• Compacting of loose material other combustible waste products to improve the volumetric calorific value of fuel
• Agglomeration of the materials so that the briquette stay in the compressed state for use in energy production.
Compaction mechanism4
Mani et al. (2002) postulated that there are three stages during densification of biomass.
1st stage : . In the first stage, particles rearrange themselves to form a closely packed mass where most of the particles retain their properties and the energy is dissipated due to inter-particle and particle-to-wall
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Adhesion and cohesion forces27, 28,
hydrocarbons that forms during the extraction of natural gas and is used as a thinning
Gabrielle Christina Victoria “Gabby” Douglas is an African-American artistic gymnast on the Women’s US National team. Gabby was born on December 31, 1995. Gabby comes from a poor family, at one point they were even homeless. Through faith, hope, and hard work, Gabby and her family have recovered from poverty. Ever since Gabby was a little girl, she always had a strong passion for gymnastics, and through years of vigorous training, and hard work she made the 2012 Olympic team. Gabby Douglas had a very successful gymnastics career, but most people only know about her major accomplishments in the 2012 Olympics. Most people do not know about her achievements in her early life, her transition to Iowa, or even
Bezdek, Roger H., and Robert M. Wendling. "Fuel Efficiency And The Economy." American Scientist 93.2 (2005): 132-139. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Nov. 2011.
“Barn Burning” by William Faulkner Throughout the story of “Barn Burning” written by William Faulkner, many different issues present itself with the Snopes family. From the constant moving from farm to farm, from the abuse from the town, to the father underfeeding and overworking the family. The family has to overcome many different obstacles during the mid-nineteenth century. Through the use of symbolism of the fire, the author creates a tone of hope and despair for both Sarty and Abner.
William Faulkner is a world-renowned writer with masterpieces such as The Sound and the Fury, A Rose for Emily, and "Barn Burning." "Faulkner was born on September 25, 1897" (Sleeth) and lived to a pretty old age of 64 before a tragic heart attack took his life on July 6, 1962. " Barn Burning" is a touching story that portrays the story of Sarty, a young man whose family commits arson on the more affluent people. Throughout the novel, Sarty also learns the wrongdoing behind his family's acts, and he goes through the hardships of finding his morals and splitting away from his family. This twisted mindset put onto Sarty at such a young age damages him later, leading him to run away from his family.
An Inspector Calls is an unapologetically political morality play which criticises the 1912 capitalist-ruled segregated and unfair society, using the Birling family as a symbol for the upper class aristocrats. Priestley simultaneously used the character of Inspector Goole to act as his social mouthpiece to portray socialism as hope for the future. Granted that in the wake of WW2, the world found itself cleaved between the two opposing ideologies of socialism and capitalism, it is unsurprising that Priestley suggests that humanity is of one body and we are responsible for those around us. This is arguably part of his wider message that this play serves as a powerful allegory for societal connection and the importance of considering the welfare
XTL (Anything to Liquid) is recently emerging phrase that represented all of technologies intended to convert any source of carbon to liquid hydrocarbons. These processes have at least three main steps: syngas production, Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) and product finalizing. Syngas production might be different from feed and technology point of view and these differences affect all downstream units partially. In this step, source of carbon converted to syngas which is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Origin of the letter X in the XTL phrase depends on this carbon source since B stands for Biomass, C for Coal (bituminous or non-bituminous), G for (natural) Gas and W for Waste (petrochemical wastes, worn automobile tires and …) [1-4]. Amongst these routes steam reforming in fixed bed reformers and partial oxidation in auto thermal reactors are more attractive in industrial applications (both related to Gas to Liquid (GTL) process) [5]. Although these processes seem completely different form syngas production point of view but they are almost similar in the next step, the heart of any XTL factory, namely FTS. In FTS unit syngas converted to chains of different hydrocarbons such as paraffin, olefin, oxygenated and …, by use of sutiable catalysts of iron or cobalt based. This section is the most important section of any XTL factory and in fact XTL is translation of the classical Fischer Tropsch Synthesis the language of industrial and commercial world. Finally the hydrocarbon products might undergo some finalizing steps to reach the specifications of the market. This is the final step of a XTL process and might be comprised of different units with a variation of complexness depending on the final product quality and perhaps...
Smelting starts with simple raw (hematite and magnetite) ore to make iron by removing impurities. It includes the endothermic reaction of adding carbon to remove oxygen from iron and as the charcoal, limestone, and iron melted in the furnace, cold blasts of air would be forced into the molten mixture to make the fire hotter so that the slag could be separated from the pig iron. Limestone, referred to as flux, eased the difficulty of the separation between impurities and usable iron. Slag is lighter that pig iron so it floated in the furnace and was evacuated through a hole higher up the furnace while the iron was ushered into a flat basin at the bottom of the furnace. In the more industrialized cities, the blast furnace would almost constantly have charcoal and iron ore burning to continue the momentum of smelting because the furnaces required a great deal of energy and resources to start the process of heating the ore to the required degree to melt and separate, which was often around 1500 degrees
number of stages. In each of these stages, a small amount of thermal energy is
Based on oxford dictionary brick is define by a small rectangular block typically made of fired or sun-dried clay, used in building. The brick unit is not exceeding 337.5x225x112.5 (LxWxT) dimensions (mm). bricks commonly made of clay, calcium silicate or concrete. These type are must relevant to the national standards, for example in the America to ASTM C73 (calcium silicate unit), ASTM C62 (clay unit), and ASTM C55 (concrete unit).
It decreases the chances for caking of partially hygroscopic materials, in case of storage as a powder. This is achieved since the moisture is adsorbed onto the surface of the granulated particles and they can still maintain their flowability due to its size(1).
Changes in starting materials (including physical properties, such as density, viscosity or particle size distribution that may affect the process or product);
Burning waste is not good at all for human health. It’s disturbing smell cause by burning plastic, rubber and some other artificial object can cause lot of trouble...
Vega, Carolina, Armijo-de; Ojeda-Benitez, Sara; Aguilar-Virgen, Quetzalli and Taboada-González Paul A (2010): The Open Waste Management Journal, 3, pp. 146-154