West Nile Virus Research Paper

West Nile Virus (WNV) is an enveloped RNA virus that is transmitted from mosquitoes. The first case in North America was discovered in 1999 and it has been discovered that both birds and mosquitoes are carriers of this neuropathogen. Upon biting an infected bird, the mosquito is then infected. When the infected mosquito bites the human, the virus is transferred. Since West Nile Virus’ method of pathogenicity is zoonotic, it is not known to be transferrable from person to person.2 This flavivirus has been known to differentiate into the less serious West Nile Fever and the more severe West Nile Meningitis and West Nile Encephalitis.1

Although 20-40% of cases are asymptomatic, when they occur, symptoms of West Nile fever present themselves as flu-like symptoms including general discomfort and uneasiness, body aches, skin rashes, headaches, fever, lethargy, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea. 1,2 West Nile meningitis is characterized by headaches, fever, photophobia and stiffness of the neck. West Nile Encephalitis presents itself with similar symptoms but includes modified frames of consciousness. In some cases of West Nile encephalitis symptoms such as ataxia, seizures, and disorientation may occur. 2 Although neuroinvasive forms of WNV are unlikely to occur, they are more prevalent in elderly individuals. 1

Thus far, a vaccination has not been developed for West Nile Virus.

Although viral cases of WNV usually work themselves out, the more severe cases require hospitalization.1, 2 A serology test is most successful in diagnosing when taken between the eighth and twenty-first day after the appearance of symptoms. Blood tested for IgM antibodies before or after this period will most likely be inconclusive to the presence of the virus.2 Since there has been no overly effective anti-viral treatment discovered to date, hospitalization often is for patient support and monitoring. Pain medication and intravenous fluids are administered as needed for recovery.

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Although vaccinations and anti-viral therapy are still in the process of development, prevention can be as simple as covering skin when outdoors during mosquito season or using a variety of mosquito repellents. Other easy methods include screen tents and doors, mosquito nets, and avoiding areas such as long grass and waterfronts. 1,2 In order to help prevent this disease the public needs to become aware and educated in the existence and methods of prevention and how they can protect themselves from West Nile Virus. 1