I do not think there was anything wrong with using Jeopardy to test Watson’s intelligence. Was it the best way to do so? Maybe; maybe not. Any testing method could be valid or “good” as long as it showed Watson’s capabilities or any other results that IBM was looking for. In the case of Jeopardy, it seems like the trial went exceedingly well. Watson managed to defeat Jeopardy’s two winningest contestants in history by more than three times either of their scores (immensemail, 2011). This was a great showing for Watson’s capabilities, and this gave IBM both confidence in their product and a great starting point for advanced AI functions in deep analytics.
I do not think that Watson is a good example of a computer system demonstrating intelligence similar to that of a human. I think Watson is a
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Watson’s computing power with analytics is unrivaled in the private sector. With information like customer details, product information, and service information, Watson’s power might seem like overkill, but if used for up-selling or automated special offers for customers, its ability to log customer actions, identify trends in responses (be they either action or inaction, and if action, specifics), and adjust its future interactions and or communications with customers could be largely profitable for the company with enough resources to employ it. To employ Watson-like power, a business would, first, need a large sum of money to build the system. After that, they would need the facilities to maintain, store, operate, cool, and clean the servers – they would need their own server warehouse. Currently, this is probably not viable for most businesses. Advances in technology, making computing power come in even smaller packages that emit less heat and draw less power, and significant reductions in price would be required before most businesses would likely make use of this kind of
Andy Clark strongly argues for the theory that computers have the potential for being intelligent beings in his work “Mindware: Meat Machines.” The support Clark uses to defend his claims states the similar comparison of humans and machines using an array of symbols to perform functions. The main argument of his work can be interpreted as follows:
... in 21th century, and it might already dominate humans’ life. Jastrow predicted computer will be part of human society in the future, and Levy’s real life examples matched Jastrow’s prediction. The computer intelligence that Jastrow mentioned was about imitated human brain and reasoning mechanism. However, according to Levy, computer intelligence nowadays is about developing AI’s own reasoning pattern and handling complicated task from data sets and algorithms, which is nothing like human. From Levy’s view on today’s version of AI technology, Jastrow’s prediction about AI evolution is not going to happen. As computer intelligence does not aim to recreate a human brain, the whole idea of computer substitutes human does not exist. Also, Levy said it is irrelevant to fear AI may control human, as people in today’s society cannot live without computer intelligence.
"The sad thing about artificial intelligence is that it lacks artifice and therefore intelligence." - Jean Baudrillard
Watson also stressed the importance of the customer, a lasting IBM tenet. He understood that the success of the client translated into the success of his company, a belief that, years later, manifested itself in the popular adage, "Nobody was ever fired for buying from IBM."
Regarding artificial intelligence in fiction, whether it is in books or movies, one of the greatest and most popular examples is the HAL 9000. The fiction character HAL 9000 is a heuristically programmed algorithmic computer and stars in the 1968 classic 2001: A Space Odyssey. In fact, the HAL 9000 just may be the most “true to life” or realistic artificial intelligent computer in all of fiction. Some may argue that this character is a good example of “Strong AI”, or strong artificial intelligence, which refers to the hypothesis that computers can potentially be programmed to be capable of thought due to the idea that the human mind is simply no more than a computational device itself. This fictional character is most certainly an example of “Strong AI” because the character HAL 9000 not only shows signs of self-awareness but also is capable of true reasoning.
Turing starts his renowned paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” with a simple question: “I propose to consider the question, ‘Can machines think?’ ” He believed that in about fifty years (from his day), it will be possible to make computers play ‘the imitation game’ so well that an average interrogator will not have more than 70 percent chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning. He also predicted that the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machine thinking without expecting to be contradicted. However, modern computer technology regarding Artificial Intelligence hasn’t quite met the expectations Turing had made about 60 years ago. It is true that, and partly because, scientific advancements are slowing down as we get closer to science’s ‘limits’.
Named after IBM’s first CEO Thomas J. Watson, Watson is a supercomputer able to answer questions posed in natural language. It first became famous in early 2011 for beating a couple of the best players of Jeopardy in a 3 day streak game. He beat Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter, the first had 74 winnings in a row and the second had earned a total of $3.25 million. At the time Watson was about the size of a room. It was hot and very noisy because of the cooling systems. He was represented in the room by a simple avatar. Today, Watson has changed a lot. Now it is more business friendly and has lost a lot of weight. From a Jeopardy winning computer it has become a successful commercialized supercomputer. In the following chapters I will talk about its origins, its actual situation and a little bit about its future.
...ing Test and scientists of AI have different opinions about it. However there are some facts of which we can be sure of. The Turing Test was invented by a great scientist, it has had a long and rich history of 55 years and has played an important role in the science of Artificial Intelligence.
The official foundations for "artificial intelligence" were set forth by A. M. Turing, in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" wherein he also coined the term and made predictions about the field. He claimed that by 1960, a computer would be able to formulate and prove complex mathematical theorems, write music and poetry, become world chess champion, and pass his test of artificial intelligences. In his test, a computer is required to carry on a compelling conversation with humans, fooling them into believing they are speaking with another human. All of his predictions require a computer to think and reason in the same manner as a human. Despite 50 years of effort, only the chess championship has come true. By refocusing artificial intelligence research to a more humanlike, cognitive model, the field will create machines that are truly intelligent, capable of meet Turing's goals. Currently, the only "intelligent" programs and computers are not really intelligent at all, but rather they are clever applications of different algorithms lacking expandability and versatility. The human intellect has only been used in limited ways in the artificial intelligence field, however it is the ideal model upon which to base research. Concentrating research on a more cognitive model will allow the artificial intelligence (AI) field to create more intelligent entities and ultimately, once appropriate hardware exists, a true AI.
In a February two thousand and eleven game, Watson competed against some of Jeopardy’s brightest stars Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings. Both Mr. Rutter and Jennings lost miserably against the super computer. Watson’s performance was almost flawless although it did make a few un-slightly mistakes. Anyway, the performance was superb, and was greeted as a scientific breakthrough of artificial intelligence in computers and intellectual technologies. Many people, including Jennings and Rutter stated that they were one of the first “knowledge-industry workers put out of work by the new generation of thinking
Ill explain more after I summarize John Searle's "Can computers think?" Argument. Searle's argument is directed at what he defines as "strong artificial intelligence" (AI). His argument counters the belief
Since the beginning of time animals have been sacrificed for the benefit of mankind from on a traditional altar form to the lab table. The morality of animal testing is being increasingly questioned, becoming a hot topic in the media. Where does it say that because humans can express degrees of pain it is okay to test on animals instead? Both humans and animals are not only genetically similar but structurally as well, but animals also react differently to disease. Animals are tested on because humans have a superior feeling towards them because they are able to communicate and appear differently. Animals are unable to express pain in the same manner as humans and therefore are seen as unequal. The morality of animal testing comes down to whether it is right to make an animal feel pain and placed to the verge of death for the benefit another species. Animals are tested for not only for medical but also cosmetic purposes. The amount of animals sacrificed to achieve one promising test result varies from the type of test being performed as well as the consequences.
The position that computers are intelligent is supported by three points: refusing to say that computers are intelligent is prejudice towards computers, being intelligent does not mean that one must be knowledgable in all fields; being intelligent in a single area also proves to display intelligence, and there is no single qualification for intelligence; intelligence is measure...
Imagine asking your computer to do something in the same way you would ask a friend to do it. Without having to memorize special commands that only it could understand. For computer scientists this has been an ambitious goal; that can further simplify computers. Artificial Intelligence, a system that can mimic human intelligence by performing task that usually only a human can do, usually has to use a form of natural language processing. Natural language processing, a sub-field of computer science and artificial intelligence, concerns the successfully interaction between a computer and a human. Currently one of the best examples of A.I.(Artificial Intelligence) is IBM 's Watson. A machine that gained popularity after appearing on the show
In order to see how artificial intelligence plays a role on today’s society, I believe it is important to dispel any misconceptions about what artificial intelligence is. Artificial intelligence has been defined many different ways, but the commonality between all of them is that artificial intelligence theory and development of computer systems that are able to perform tasks that would normally require a human intelligence such as decision making, visual recognition, or speech recognition. However, human intelligence is a very ambiguous term. I believe there are three main attributes an artificial intelligence system has that makes it representative of human intelligence (Source 1). The first is problem solving, the ability to look ahead several steps in the decision making process and being able to choose the best solution (Source 1). The second is the representation of knowledge (Source 1). While knowledge is usually gained through experience or education, intelligent agents could very well possibly have a different form of knowledge. Access to the internet, the la...