Turing starts his renowned paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” with a simple question: “I propose to consider the question, ‘Can machines think?’ ” He believed that in about fifty years (from his day), it will be possible to make computers play ‘the imitation game’ so well that an average interrogator will not have more than 70 percent chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning. He also predicted that the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted. However, modern computer technology regarding Artificial Intelligence hasn’t quite met the expectation Turing has made about 60 years ago. It
Humans have the ability to think, reason and imagine. In fact, we are proud of ourselves being the one who is the only ‘intelligent’ creature on Earth. The term intelligence is made by us humans, thus its definition can only, and inevitably derive from human actions. We normally perceive intelligence as humans’ ability differing us from other non-human beings like ‘animals’. However, it is hard to find universal definition that doesn’t clash between science and philosophy, thus there are so many different measures to test the intelligence. Likewise, we do not know what ‘consciousness’ is. We do not know how exactly human brain works. Modern science made it possible to travel through the universe, treat cancer, ‘FaceTime’ in the middle of a street but couldn’t discover how our minds work. If we cannot define ‘intelligence’ and ‘consciousness’ which are essential traits lying deep down in our human brains, how can we make machines imitate us? How can we possibly measure how much machines resemble and act like
My conclusion is that ‘thinking’ is what makes us what we are. Us humans are capable of expressing wide ranges of emotions and different ‘depths’ of consciousness. Another important trait regarding human thoughts is its’ creativeness since humans can countlessly come up with original ideas, unlike machines which simply mimic or assemble what humans had inserted. Machines can’t think beyond existing human ideas nor can invent or discover new concepts. Turing ignored these important factors and expected something beyond human
Andy Clark strongly argues for the theory that computers have the potential for being intelligent beings in his work “Mindware: Meat Machines.” The support Clark uses to defend his claims states the similar comparison of humans and machines using an array of symbols to perform functions. The main argument of his work can be interpreted as follows:
deep need to probe the mysterious space between human thoughts and what is a machine can
What role will computers play in the future? What happens when artificial intelligence gets to the point of actually allowing machines to give birth to original thoughts, or suppose artificial intelligence became identical or superior to human intelligence? While attempting to answer these thought-provoking questions deeper questions arise that are more pertinent in our lives such as what defines being human, or as Morpheous says, “What is…real?” The Matrix as well as the novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep, by Phillip K. Dick, attempt to answer these questions through different matrices. These matrices are implemented into stories to provoke thought and ask the question, what if?
This world of artificial intelligence has the power to produce many questions and theories because we don’t understand something that isn’t possible. “How smart’s an AI, Case? Depends. Some aren’t much smarter than dogs. Pets. Cost a fortune anyway. The real smart ones are as smart as the Turing heat is willing to let ‘em get.” (Page 95) This shows that an artificial intelligence can be programmed to only do certain ...
Intelligence is often attributed to the idea that, as humans, we contain a soul. A commonly upheld belief is that our soul is something that we can’t touch or see but is nonetheless there. How does this apparent ‘ghost’ affect us physically then? How is it that our soul can be electrocuted or make us walk? Another theory is that the mind is made of some “extraordinary form of matter” like that which was used to build Pinocchio. Perhaps brain tissue, as this form, emits the mind? If we accept the fact that something physical and not immaterial allows humans to be intelligent, then perhaps it isn’t some unexplainable material, and instead it is the patterning of the material. The information is what is important, not some magic material or immaterial orb. Information and human intelligence do not come from sheer chance. Our mind’s ability to process information is distinctive. We can observe some sample of matter and recognize that as a symbol it carries information and as a matter is accomplishes something physical as well. Would it be possible to build a machine that could do something similar; a machine that can make marks that agree with real world events? Mathematician Alan Turing created a hypothetical machine with input and output symbols that could resemble any number of interpretations. The machine was able to use logic to make new true statements from the true statements it was given. Turing was
In this paper I will evaluate and present A.M. Turing’s test for machine intelligence and describe how the test works. I will explain how the Turing test is a good way to answer if machines can think. I will also discuss Objection (4) the argument from Consciousness and Objection (6) Lady Lovelace’s Objection and how Turing responded to both of the objections. And lastly, I will give my opinion on about the Turing test and if the test is a good way to answer if a machine can think.
The official foundations for "artificial intelligence" were set forth by A. M. Turing, in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" wherein he also coined the term and made predictions about the field. He claimed that by 1960, a computer would be able to formulate and prove complex mathematical theorems, write music and poetry, become world chess champion, and pass his test of artificial intelligences. In his test, a computer is required to carry on a compelling conversation with humans, fooling them into believing they are speaking with another human. All of his predictions require a computer to think and reason in the same manner as a human. Despite 50 years of effort, only the chess championship has come true. By refocusing artificial intelligence research to a more humanlike, cognitive model, the field will create machines that are truly intelligent, capable of meet Turing's goals. Currently, the only "intelligent" programs and computers are not really intelligent at all, but rather they are clever applications of different algorithms lacking expandability and versatility. The human intellect has only been used in limited ways in the artificial intelligence field, however it is the ideal model upon which to base research. Concentrating research on a more cognitive model will allow the artificial intelligence (AI) field to create more intelligent entities and ultimately, once appropriate hardware exists, a true AI.
The short stories, “August 2026: There Will Come Soft Rains”, I, Robot, and “Harrison Bergeron” show how the machines begin to control the lives of the humans and gradually become predominant figures in the society. Our over-usage of technology limits our ability to think critically for ourselves. Robert Reilly argues, “… you cannot construct thinking machines on the one side and laws which forbid certain fields of thinking on the other …” (18). I agree with this argument as it applies to most technological inventions which include setting certain limits to programs. These limits of certain fields of thinking include the ability to partake in activities without the instructions of a human, or being capable of disobeying certain commands, or having the ability to criticize other machines or humans without a set of instructions entered. Consequently, these programs or machines tend to always surpass these limits by either hacking or having bugs in their systems. These short stories demonstrate how the modern society considers technology to hold greater value than human life and lets technology rule its life. By letting machines do most of our working and thinking, we limit our minds from being creative and having proficiency in presenting new
Alan Mathison Turing was born in Paddington, London, on June 23, 1912. He was a precocious child and began his interests in science and mathematics at a young age, but was never concerned about other right-brain classes such as English. This continued until an important friend of his passed away and set Turing on a path to achieve what his friend could no longer accomplish. When his friend Christopher Morcom died, Turing was launched into thoughts in physics about the physical mind being embodied in matter and whether quantum-mechanical theory affects the traditional problem of mind and matter. Many say today that this was the beginnings of Turing’s Turning Machine and the test still used today for artificial intelligence, the Turing Test.
In Turing’s test, an isolated interrogator attempts to distinguish the identities between discreet human and computer subjects based upon their replies to a series of questions asked during the interrogation process. Questions are generally generated through the use of a keyboard and screen, thus communication can only be made through text-only channels. For example, a sample question would contain something along the lines of “What did you think about the weather this morning?” and adequate responses could include, “I do tend to like a nice foggy morning, as it adds a certain mystery” or rather “Not the best, expecting pirates to come out of the fog” or even “The weather is not nice at the moment, unless you like fog”. After a series of tests are performed, if the interrogator fails at identifying the subject more than 70 percent of the time, that subject is deemed intelligent. Simply put, the interrogator’s ability to declare the machine’s capability of intelligence directly correlates to the interrogator’s inability to distinguish between the two subjects.
The human mind has been constantly evolving and advancing over the generations, and as it advances, so does its creations. Artificial intelligence was created as an attempt to replicate human intelligence; however, it’s capabilities have surpassed initial human intentions by unimaginable means. Modern day computers can compute algorithms and execute calculations considerably quick compared to the average human. Technology has been rapidly advancing, to a point where artificial intelligence could potentially gain consciousness and be able to think on its own. Currently, society’s artificial intelligence is syntax based, meaning that the computers can only compute algorithms given by humans. However, for artificial intelligence to be a true replica
Alan Turing was a computer scientist and a pioneer in computer science. Turing, along with Alonzo Church, developed a central hypothesis of binary computing machinery applicability. During World War II, he developed a machine that helped break the German Enigma code. He also laid the groundwork for modern computing and theorized about artificial intelligence. However, until recently, it was not well-known that Turing committed suicide.
Although the majority of people cannot imagine life without computers, they owe their gratitude toward an algorithm machine developed seventy to eighty years ago. Although the enormous size and primitive form of the object might appear completely unrelated to modern technology, its importance cannot be over-stated. Not only did the Turing Machine help the Allies win World War II, but it also laid the foundation for all computers that are in use today. The machine also helped its creator, Alan Turing, to design more advanced devices that still cause discussion and controversy today. The Turing Machine serves as a testament to the ingenuity of its creator, the potential of technology, and the glory of innovation.
The traditional notion that seeks to compare human minds, with all its intricacies and biochemical functions, to that of artificially programmed digital computers, is self-defeating and it should be discredited in dialogs regarding the theory of artificial intelligence. This traditional notion is akin to comparing, in crude terms, cars and aeroplanes or ice cream and cream cheese. Human mental states are caused by various behaviours of elements in the brain, and these behaviours in are adjudged by the biochemical composition of our brains, which are responsible for our thoughts and functions. When we discuss mental states of systems it is important to distinguish between human brains and that of any natural or artificial organisms which is said to have central processing systems (i.e. brains of chimpanzees, microchips etc.). Although various similarities may exist between those systems in terms of functions and behaviourism, the intrinsic intentionality within those systems differ extensively. Although it may not be possible to prove that whether or not mental states exist at all in systems other than our own, in this paper I will strive to present arguments that a machine that computes and responds to inputs does indeed have a state of mind, but one that does not necessarily result in a form of mentality. This paper will discuss how the states and intentionality of digital computers are different from the states of human brains and yet they are indeed states of a mind resulting from various functions in their central processing systems.
Artificial Intelligence “is the ability of a human-made machine to emulate or simulate human methods for the deductive and inductive acquisition and application of knowledge and reason” (Bock, 182). The early years of artificial intelligence were seen through robots as they exemplified the advances and potential, while today AI has been integrated society through technology. The beginning of the thought of artificial intelligence happened concurrently with the rise of computers and the dotcom boom. For many, the utilization of computers in the world was the most advanced role they could ever see machines taking. However, life has drastically changed from the 1950s. This essay will explore the history of artificial intelligence, discuss the