Regarding artificial intelligence in fiction, whether it is in books or movies, one of the greatest and most popular examples is the HAL 9000. The fiction character HAL 9000 is a heuristically programmed algorithmic computer and stars in the 1968 classic 2001: A Space Odyssey. In fact, the HAL 9000 just may be the most “true to life” or realistic artificial intelligent computer in all of fiction. Some may argue that this character is a good example of “Strong AI”, or strong artificial intelligence, which refers to the hypothesis that computers can potentially be programmed to be capable of thought due to the idea that the human mind is simply no more than a computational device itself. This fictional character is most certainly an example of “Strong AI” because the character HAL 9000 not only shows signs of self-awareness but also is capable of true reasoning.
In the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, the main character is a heuristically programmed algorithmic computer named HAL 9000. Throughout the film the HAL 9000 presents multiple signs of both self-awareness, specifically referring to feelings and motives, and capabilities of true reasoning. An important, yet very subtle, chess scene between the HAL 9000 and one of the other movie characters, named Dave, perfectly demonstrates an instance in which the HAL 9000 presents capabilities of true reasoning. In this short scene of the movie there is a chess match already in progress and very close to the end of the game. The HAL 9000 plays a move for check mate and wins the match. This does not seem significant, interesting or relevant at all if not for a very crucial truth. The move the HAL 9000 makes is a very clever move and is a move any expert chess player would have made. However...
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... that this artificial intelligence is not only capable of true reasoning ability but is also self-aware, for instance having feelings or motives. The HAL 9000 character demonstrates both of these implications of strong artificial intelligence numerous times throughout the film 2001: A Space Odyssey and multiple examples were given earlier. The HAL 9000 presents the capability of true reasoning very subtly during a chess match with a crewmember named Dave by cleverly obtaining check mate rather than obtaining in the faster and more “computational way”. HAL’s self-awareness is also demonstrated when he indicates feelings of paranoia and when he intentionally kills members of the crew due to unclear motives, yet feelings nonetheless were evident. Overall the fictional character the HAL 9000 is most certainly an example of strong artificial intelligence, or “Strong AI”.
The official foundations for "artificial intelligence" were set forth by A. M. Turing, in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" wherein he also coined the term and made predictions about the field. He claimed that by 1960, a computer would be able to formulate and prove complex mathematical theorems, write music and poetry, become world chess champion, and pass his test of artificial intelligences. In his test, a computer is required to carry on a compelling conversation with humans, fooling them into believing they are speaking with another human. All of his predictions require a computer to think and reason in the same manner as a human. Despite 50 years of effort, only the chess championship has come true. By refocusing artificial intelligence research to a more humanlike, cognitive model, the field will create machines that are truly intelligent, capable of meet Turing's goals. Currently, the only "intelligent" programs and computers are not really intelligent at all, but rather they are clever applications of different algorithms lacking expandability and versatility. The human intellect has only been used in limited ways in the artificial intelligence field, however it is the ideal model upon which to base research. Concentrating research on a more cognitive model will allow the artificial intelligence (AI) field to create more intelligent entities and ultimately, once appropriate hardware exists, a true AI.
John Searle’s Chinese room argument from his work “Minds, Brains, and Programs” was a thought experiment against the premises of strong Artificial Intelligence (AI). The premises of conclude that something is of the strong AI nature if it can understand and it can explain how human understanding works. I will argue that the Chinese room argument successfully disproves the conclusion of strong AI, however, it does not provide an explanation of what understanding is which becomes problematic when creating a distinction between humans and machines.
In 2001: A Space Odyssey, the betterment of mankind ultimately is his undoing. The first true AI, HAL. Considered to be 100% error proof fails and murders several humans whose lives he was entrusted with. 2001: A Space Odyssey continues to demonstrate the theme of man vs. nature through the scientists interaction with the obelisk, and Bowman's travel through the solar system. It is considered to be a classic because of the very stylistic camera shots and odd yet entirely working film score.
Smarter than You Think starts out with a cautionary tale of how in 1997 world chess champion Garry Kasparov was beaten by Deep Blue, an I.B.M. supercomputer. This was a considered a milestone in artificial intelligence. If a computer could easily defeat a chess champion, what would happen to the game and its players? A year after Kasparov was defeated by the program he decided to see what would happen when a computer and person were paired up. He called this collaboration the centaur; A hybrid consisting of the algorithms and history logs of chess as well as the brain to “analyze their opponents’ strengths and weaknesses, as well as their moods.” ...
In chapter one of *The Emperor's New Mind,* professor Roger Penrose introduces the idea of *strong Artificial Intelligence.* He writes:
Once Deep Blue supercomputer defeated chess grandmaster Kasparov, he, Kasparov, thought what would happen if “humans and computers collaborated” (Thompson 343)? Kasparov figured that it would be a symbiotic relationship in which “each might benefit from the other’s peculiar powers” (Thompson344). A Notably example would a 2005 “freestyle” chess tournament, which consisted of teams with computers and chess players. With a tournament full of computers and chess grandmasters, the winners were amateur chess players Cramton and Zackary (Thompson345). The reason why these players were able to win is because they were “expert[s] at collaborating with computers.” By themselves these players would not have the skills to take on such talented players, but since Cramton and Zackary were able to know “when to rely on human smarts and when to rely on the machine’s advice” they were able to succeed (Thompson 345). These players were able to harness the power of the symbiotic relationship between man and machine. In conclusion, when it comes down to the wire on “who’s smarter-humans or machines; the answer is neither, it’s both working side by side” (Thompson 347). In addition, the benefits of these digital gadgets can be summarized into three
Currently, computers can calculate and run algorithms much faster than humans, and if strong A.I. was to exist, these technological beings would be intelligently superior to human kind. Elon Musk, a world renowned technological genius, fears Silicon Valley’s rush into artificial intelligence, because he believes it poses a threat to humanity (Dowd, Maureen). Musk stated that “one reason to colonize Mars – so that we’ll have a bolt-hole if A.I. goes rogue and turns on humanity” (Dowd, Maureen). The possibility of this outcome is real because if strong A.I. was to exist, they have the potentially to surpass humans in every aspect. The main difference between A.I. and humans is that humans are conscious beings that can think for themselves. If A.I. was to develop consciousness, they would be able to do every task much more efficiently than humans. According to Stephen Hawking, “If people design computer viruses, someone will design AI that improves and replicates itself. This will be a new form of life that outperforms humans” (Sulleyman, Aatif). This world-renowned physicist believes that A.I. will begin to self-improve upon themselves through an algorithm that allows A.I. to learn. Ultimately, this technological being will advance to a point where it realizes that it does not need humans anymore. “Back in 2015, he [Stephen Hawking] also
Artificial Intelligence is a term not too widely used in today’s society. With today’s technology we haven’t found a way to enable someone to leave their physical body and let their mind survive within a computer. Could it be possible? Maybe someday, but for now it’s just in theory. The novel by William Gibson, Neuromancer, has touched greatly on the idea of artificial intelligence. He describes it as a world where many things are possible. By simply logging on the computer, it opens up a world we could never comprehend. The possibilities are endless in the world of William Gibson.
Ex Machina presents the “chess problem” of artificial intelligence. This is the problem of distinguishing a machine’s ability to simulate an emotion with a machine’s ability to experience this emotion. The film solves this problem through deception. Deception is a defining characteristic of humanity, because it demonstrates self-awareness, intelligence, and rationality.
John Searle developed two areas of thought concerning the independent cognition of computers. These ideas included the definition of a weak AI and a strong AI. In essence, these two types of AI have their fundamental differences. The weak AI was defined as a system, which simply were systems that simulations of the human mind and AI systems that were characterized as an AI system that is completely capable of cognitive processes such as consciousness and intentionality, as well as understanding. He utilizes the argument of the Chinese room to show that the strong AI does not exist.
The concepts of the development of artificial intelligence can be traced as far back as ancient Greece. Even something as small as the abacus has in someway led to the idea of artificial intelligence. However, one of the biggest breakthroughs in the area of AI is when computers were invented.
The field of artificial intelligence was created in 1955 by a group of researchers who wanted to “make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve the kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve themselves” (Khatchadourian 71). During this time, people aspired for, not feared, a future with civilizations made of intelligent robots. Today, critics of artificial intelligence seem to fear it for the eventual higher than human level of intelligence that its creators planned for it to ultimately possess all along. Herbert Simon, a computer scientist involved in the original project, recognized that humans would need to maintain control over the machines they created in case the machines became self-aware, but he was
When most people think of artificial intelligence they might think of a scene from I, Robot or from 2001: A Space Odyssey. They might think of robots that highly resemble humans start a revolution against humanity and suddenly, because of man’s creation, man is no longer the pinnacle of earth’s hierarchy of creatures. For this reason, it might scare people when I say that we already utilize artificial intelligence in every day society. While it might not be robots fighting to win their freedom to live, or a defense system that decides humanity is the greatest threat to the world, artificial intelligence already plays a big role in how business is conducted today.
Novels, movies, and video games involving A.I. have existed for many years. Artificial Intelligence has been used in movies for purposes both good and bad. If the A.I. was
Artificial intelligence is defined as developing computer programs to solve complex problems by applications of processes that are analogous to human reasoning processes. Roughly speaking, a computer is intelligent