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Stress as a determinant of health
Durkheim and sociology as a science
Effect of stress in our life
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Recommended: Stress as a determinant of health
Stress is enhancing the mind-body response to stimuli and inducing fear or anxiety. According to Walter Cannon theory, he believes that measuring health is the ability of the human organism to function effectively within given environment. When the body experiences fear or anxiety the body goes through a physiological change to prepare the body for dynamic effort and possibly injury. According to Cannon, his theory expressed the concept of “fight or flight” a reaction to a physiological change to identify the body experiencing stress. The body experiences physiological change when it primarily involves autonomic and neuroendocrine systems. Regardless of the stressful setting stimulates physiological change it depends on an individual’s perception …show more content…
Suicidal is any action that could cause one’s self to die. Durkheim focuses on how the large society influences individuals. Durkheim study demonstrates how society develops stressful circumstance where people are forced to respond to the situation not of their choosing. Durkheim’s theory of suicide has a great understanding of how society contributed stress on individuals. He identify sorts of suicide on the basis of the relationship of the one’s perceptive of society. One of the important types is egoistic suicide, where someone feels isolated from society and feel overwhelmed by the resulting stress. In the egoistic suicide Durkheim describe this person as a self-central and lacks good feeling. In Anomic suicide is the result of a sudden change influencing a chronic lack of regulation to lead to a state of restlessness in which the norms and values are no larger significant. In Altruistic suicide this type of suicide is where people feel strongly integrated into demanding society and only seem like suicide is the only escape. The fatalistic suicide is the where the individual experience oppressive where suicide is prefer than living with their …show more content…
One of the types of social stressors is life event such as divorce, marriage or losing a job. Life event stress can be negative or positive. An example of a negative life event can be a death of a close family member. A positive life event stressor can be graduating from college. The other type of social stressors is chronic strain that is problems and threats that individual face on daily basis. Chronic strain is seen as a stressful experience it is usual a continuously stressful event. An example of a chronic strain is poverty. I have experience both major type of social stressors. For a positive life event stressor is trying to plan a vacation. Just as like a negative stress positive stress can bring a new sense of tension and anxiety. As for a negative life event I experience last year a death of a close family member. As a college student I have experience chronic strain for example taking overload of role and responsibilities cause a significant amount of stress. Experiencing life event and chronic strain of stressors, I have learn that these types of stress have a huge affect of my health. In this course, I learn Leonard Pearlin identified two major types of social stressors. I was able to apply my experiences with the two major social stressors. I also learn that the effects of stress can influence someone
The term ‘stress’ was generally thought to have been a concept created by Robert Hooke in the 17th century. He worked on the design of physical structures, such as bridges; his concept of stress came from how much pressure a structure could withstand. However, Lazarus (1993) pointed out that the term ‘stress’ has been used as far back as the 14th century, when it meant hardship or adversity. Back then it referred to the external stressor, such as the death of a spouse or financial worry; in the 20th century, there are many different schools of thought on this area. Hans Selye (1956), brought together the work of Cannon and Bernard and devised a comprehensive system of physiological stress; which he termed the ‘General Adaptation Syndrome’, and is a 3-stage process. He theorised that a certain level of stress called ‘eustress’ (Cox, 1978) could actually be beneficial to our overall performance. Later In 1976, Cox & Mackay devised another model called the ‘Transactional model’. This model takes into account the individual differences in the perception of the amount of stress experienced by the person. The main difference between these two models is that Selye’s model only accounts for the physiological side of stress, whereas Cox’s model takes into account both the physiological and psychological aspects of stress. Therefore, both models will have slight similarities and differences in their explanation for how stress occurs in individuals, which is the main focus of this essay.
According to Durkheim, two types of suicide arise from the different levels social integration. One cause of suicide is extremely low social integration, which is referred to as egoistic suicide. Durkheim argues that this is the case because others give the individual’s life meaning, so without this support from the group the person may feel hopeless (Conley 188). The other type of suicide, altruistic suicide, reflects the opposite situation: when an individual is too socially integrated (Conley 189). This type of suicide occurs when members of a group or community become so totally engrossed by the group tha...
middle of paper ... ... types of suicide, it is not so easy to pigeon hole somebody like that especially in regards to such a serious topic. A suicide may fall into more than one of these categories, For example, Bobby Sands (IRA hunger striker) falls into all 4 categories. Where does the point of balance fall? Although argued that Durkheim's study is dated, Sainsbury used some of Durkheim's methods and theories in his own study.
Durkheim contended that the consistency of suicide rates was a social reality, disclosed by the degree to which people were incorporated and controlled by the compelling good powers of aggregate life. Self absorbed and unselfish suicide emerged from the separate under-coordination and over-incorporation of the person by society. Anomic suicide and fatalistic suicide were separately cause by under-regulation and over-regulation in the general public. Durkheim watched that in Western culture, anomie was prompting expanded suicide
Hans Selye defined stress as “the non-specific response of the body to any demand for change.” He later defined it as “the rate of wear and tear on the body.” Stress can be good because the pressure placed on someone can motivate them to complete the tasks ahead of them. From this, small amounts of stress can be positive. However, long periods of stress wear the body down and begin to have negative effects on the body which could be long term.
There are different ways in which one can experience stress and it is important to remember that stress is an essential part of life. Not all stressful situations are negative. Receiving a promotion at work, the birth of a child or taking a trip can all be stressful but are not threatening. The reason why one may see these situations as stressful is because they may feel unprepared to deal with them. To eliminate confusion and misuse of words Hans Selye gave names to the different types of stress one may experience, he described damaging or unpleasant experiences as distress and pleasurable or satisfying experiences are called eustress (Rice, 2012).
Durkheim identified four causes of suicide: egoism, altruism, anomie and fatalism. Key to all of these was the focus on integration and regulation. Egoistic suicides occurred with low integration, altruistic with excessive; anomic suicides with low regulation, and fatalistic with excessive. He distinguishes between the ‘pre-modern’ suicides – altruism and fatalism, and the ‘modern’ suicides – egoism and anomie. The transition, he claims, from pre- to modern society has led to individualism, through greater social and economic mobility, and urbanisation. This personal autonomy has led to lesser...
Theories of suicide have contributed to understand the stress of social issues than on biological factors like psychological for the cause of suicide. He found suicide is the results of social disorganization and the lack of social integration. Durkheim found and theories different types of suicide. Anomic suicide, enforces society standards that causes a person to feel lost or alone. With a lack of social directions and restrains social ethics contributes to the isolations felt. Egoistic suicide is the consequences of social bonds and linked to anomic disappointment. Egoistic suicide, a person feels detached from society by roles, family dynamics and relationships. Egoistic see no goal to accomplish therefore, feels useless and without purpose. The isolation felt because a person does not belong to a group for support and therefore, commit suicide. Egoistic and altruistic suicide, is the consequences of integration within the society Altruist, commits beyond the World and the obstacles and burden. Fatalistic suicide block and passion oppressive and makes, a person feel like an indentured servant. The customs and traditions of society is instrumental in death and the mode of suicidal act. Each theories work to clarify the social context when the problems occurred.
Fatalistic suicide is the total opposite of altruistic suicide. Fatalistic suicide takes place when there is excessive regulation. Durkheim takes into account, the likelihood that "persons with futures pitilessly blocked and passions violently choked by oppressive discipline" may not see any way out. The person sees no potential way in which their lives can be better, and when in a condition of depression, may have a propensity for committing fatalistic suicide.
The first type of stress is eustress which is a positive stress. Positive stress may enhance the good feelings of stressors. According to Meenakshisundaram (2012), eustress is an interesting stress and keep us more essential. Indeed, this type of stress can energize, motivate and raise stressors up in difficulties instead of improve their health. For example, events such as getting married, having a child may increase the motivation of the stressors to the pleasureable.
Observing that the rate of suicide in a society varied with time and place, Durkheim argued that suicide rates are affected by the different social contexts in which they emerge. He looked at the degree to which people feel integrated into the structure of society and their social surroundings as social factors producing suicide. Durkheim analysed three types of suicide: anomic suicide, altruistic suicide, and egoistic suicide. Anomie, as defined by Durkheim, is the condition that exists when social regulations in the society breakdown: The controlling influences of society are no longer effective, and people exist in a state of relative normlessness.
Stressors, the sources of stress, include three types of events, referred to as daily hassles, major life events, and catastroph...
When stressful events occur three types of responses take place, an emotional response, a physiological response, and a behavioral response. Negative emotional responses such as anxiety, anger, and grief are common responses to stress. However, in some cases, an individual may exhibit positive emotions when coping with stressful situations. According to Folkman and Moskowiz, positive emotions promote resilience in the face of stress by promoting creativity, problem solving, flexibility, and can enhance physical and psychological health (Weiten & Lloyd, 2006, p. 84).
Some causes of stress can be life changes, work, financial problems, relationship difficulties, and family.
First, stress is defined as an unpleasant state of emotional and physiological arousal that people experience in situations that they perceive as dangerous or threatening to their well being (Patel, 14). Stress is a universal feeling to everyone but the word stress means different things to different people. Some people define stress as events or situations that cause them to feel tension, pressure or negative emotions such as anxiety or anger (Patel, 15). Other people may view stress as a process involving a person’s interpretation and response to a threatening event. In any case, stress has many facets of how one perceives and responds to the certain predicament that is ailing them.