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Subcultural theory of violence
Features of post-colonial literature
Features of post-colonial literature
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Tayeb Salih’s Season of Migration to the North explores the intrinsic violent nature of humans through the scope of life in England and life in Sudan. Salih uses both experiences in a European country and a postcolonial country in his work as a means to reject a misconception of violence in regards to the postcolonial world. Violence, despite being a physical exertion of force is caused by something; whether it be violence during wartime or a violence that stems from desire. Season of Migration to the North seems to focus primarily on violence that stems from desire in particular, a sexual desire. This sexual desire is produced by colonial influences however, is not culturally subjective in that it is found in both England and Sudan. Salih does address misogyny in Sudan based in tradition and cultural practices.
There are two characters in particular that exemplify sexual violence and they are Mustafa Sa’eed and Wad Rayyes. Mustafa Sa’eed spent his earlier years in London becoming university educated and through his time in London he experienced a sexually violent and manipulative relationship with his first wife, Jean Morris. Their relationship was primarily about control and having control over the other. This search for control was ignited by Sa’eed’s pursuit of Jean Morris and his sexual desire for her as a partner. Wad Rayyes is a womanizer who pursues the wife of Sa’eed after his death. When the village forces Hosna bint Mahmoud to marry Rayyes he exerts his control over her physically and their relationship ends in death like Sa’eed’s relationship with Jean Morris.
Mustafa Sa’eed is a conqueror and a colonizer, instead of taking control of a place, he sought to take control of women on the basis of his own pleasure and ...
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... violence that are evident in Seasons of Migration to the North lies in the purpose of which the act of violence is done. For Sa’eed the relationship he had with Jean Morris was chaotic, dangerous and manipulative; both using each other for their own selfish reasons. Sa’eed for the conquest of pleasure and Morris for freedom; freedom from social constraints. For Rayyes the sexual violence was based on his own sexist views in which his dominance over women and the oppression of them is directly connected to their societies notion of gender roles. Colonialism is a disease; a disease that produces symptoms of sexual violence. Whether this violence be a means of freedom or a means to exert dominance, these effects of colonialism is not exclusive to the countries that are considered postcolonial such as Sudan but, rather the effects of colonialism are found everywhere.
It is important to note that Elizabeth Warnock Fernea herself is a brilliant writer, and her piece of Guests of the Sheik offers a very in debt analysis of an Iraqi village that would not be seen from most outsiders. How while Fernea concedes the fact that she is not an anthropologist she was married to one and the first two years of their marriage they lived in an Iraqi village called El Nahra. Since she lived in a village that has hardly any social contact between men and women, Fernea is able to give us a beautiful account of what the women’s life style, roles, and other aspects of a women’s life in an Iraqi village. While women are not treated incredibly badly there lifestyle was a lot different than the one an American woman would live. One of the primary directions of Fernea’s study are to show how the author could be credible in ultimately idealizing her culture and peoples in this ethnography. She uses her Self authority to convince the reader of that and her interactions with other women. The
...ion of imperialism has evolved. In both Heart of Darkness by Conrad, and The Poisonwood Bible by Kingsolver, Africa is invaded and altered to conform to the desires of more “civilized” people. While this oppression in the Congo never seems to cease, the natives are consistently able to overcome the obstacles, and the tyrants, and thus prove to be civilized in their own regard and as capable of development as the white nations. As Orleanna says herself: “Call it oppression, complicity, stupefaction, call it what you’d like…Africa swallowed the conqueror’s music and sang a new song of her own” (Kingsolver 385). Kingsolver illustrates that though individuals may always seek to control and alter the region, the inhabitants and victims of the tyranny and oppression live on and continue past it, making the state of the area almost as perpetual as the desire to control it.
Nothing good ever comes out of violence.Two wrongs never make it right, but cause harm. Contemporary society has not responded enough legacies of historical globalization. This essay will cover the following arguments such as residential schools, slavery and the Sierra Leone civil war.
After a journey into the dark history of Europe and Africa with Sven Lindqvist, I found myself shocked. It’s earth shattering. Ideas and historical events are presented through a journal/proposal of his unique view on racism. Lindqvist raises questions as to where racism was spurred and why what happened in late 1800’s and early 1900’s lead to the holocaust. Including religion, personal human values, advanced warfare and even societies’ impact as a whole. His travels through the Sahara and Africa in the early chapters show a more current day view of society over seas. The description of the desolate continent and harsh conditions paints a picture of what previous civilization lived through. He explains that part of the reason he has traveled to the desert is to feel the space all around him, a definite emptiness if you will. As his travels progress he introduces his own family life that pertains to the human emotion, which is also a big focus point in this book. Childhood beatings over taking the lord’s name in vain, dropped calls from his daughter that leave him torn and sad. He does an excellent job on taking the reader on a personal journey with him through his current day traveling and even his early life. Linking these personal experiences and tying in histories misconceptions of “right and wrong” is what makes this book so valuable. Lindqvist gives a relevant and educated answer to the question of how racism became such a terrible tribulation in all parts of the world.
The Darfur genocide arose when the Sudan Liberation Movement and the JEM, which is the largest rebel group in Darfur, entered Al-Fashir, the capital city of North Darfur and attacked the sleeping garrison. There were 32 technicians, pilots and soldiers captured and 75 executed. In response, Arab militias known as Janjaweed, which translate to devil on horseback, destroyed Darfurians by burning villages, murdering, raping and torturing civilians ever since the ethnic cleansing campaign against non-Arabs in Darfur was carried out by the Janjaweed. Although the Sudanese government publicly denies that it supports the Janjaweed, there were evidences where the government provided the Janjaweed with financial support and weapons as well as coordinated joint attacks, which have been usually against civilians. With the goal of completely eliminating the existence of non-Arabs and black Africans in Darfur, Arabic terms were used against them such as “abid” and “surge”, meaning slave and black. In addition, there was slaughter and rape of Darfuri men, women and children where girls as young as 6 years old was raped and mothers were undressed in fro...
“The Harem Within” is a pioneering work that opens discussion of women’s rights in Islamic societies. With her humble life story Mernissi gives not only a voice to Moroccan women, but stands her advocacy for individual freedom and battle against the harem within. The narrative is a literature example that figures the women discrimination and appeal for
In the novel She and in the stories of The Arabian Nights, both Haggard and Haddawy explore the expanding gender roles of women within the nineteenth century. At a time that focused on the New Woman Question, traditional gender roles were shifted to produce greater rights and responsibilities for women. Both Ayesha, from Haggard’s novel She, and Shahrazad, from Haddawy’s translation of The Arabian Nights, transgress the traditional roles of women as they are being portrayed as strong and educated females, unwilling to yield to men’s commands. While She (Ayesha) takes her power to the extreme (i.e. embodying the femme fatale), Shahrazad offers a counterpart to She (i.e. she is strong yet selfless and concerned with the welfare of others). Thus, from the two characters emerge the idea of a woman who does not abide by the constraints of nineteenth century gender roles and, instead, symbolizes the New Woman.
In the book, Women in the Middle East, a Saudi Arabian proverb states, "A girl possesses nothing but a veil and a tomb" (Harik and Marston 83). The key words, "veil" and "tomb" lend evidence to the fact that many Middle Eastern women lack identity symbolized by the “veil” and lack the right of ownership except for their veil and the tomb. This statement further enforces the notion that many women in the Middle East are expected to serve and tolerate the oppression of the men in their lives throughout their lives on this earth. Moreover, it confirms that many of these women do not get the opportunity to obtain education, join the work force, and even participate in the political affairs of the country. This arrangement further helps the Middle Eastern men to view women as their properties, servants, or even as slaves. Ultimately, there are three main reasons why Middle Eastern men engage in the act of oppressing their women.
Holt, P.M. and M.W Daly. A History of the Sudan: from the coming of Islam to the present
Colonialism has plagued indigenous people worldwide and has spelled disaster for countless cultures, languages, and traditions. Over the past 500 years there have been different phases of colonization in Africa as well as other various parts of earth. There were many reasons behind exploration and colonization including economic and tactical reasons, religion, and prestige. Colonialism has shaped the contemporary understanding of individuals from Niger as well as other parts of Africa and other places too, like the Chambri and Tlingit people; mainly in economics. Because of the colonial past of so many cultures, numerous indigenous people today face many issues. Today colonialism is still active, known as Neocolonialism, which has devastating effects on global cultural groups.
The Sudan genocide, a civil war that was started in the early 1980s when drought, famine and the spread of un-arable land caused traditional African herders and Darfur citizens to argue over land. For the next 22 years relationships worsened between the Arab and non-Arab tribes. The Western region of Sudan: Darfur was thrown into civil war by its own government and two rbel armies in an uprising that should have been seen coming for a long time. This essay will elaberate on the events that occurred in Sudan over the past twenty two years and to what extent the mass killings that occurred can be defined as Genocide. The insurgeny began in Febuary 2003; goning virtually uunnoticed by the international community and shadowed by the ongoing war in Irac. The Sudan governent has been blamed for virtually every event during the past 22 years of civil unrest that has led up to the mass killing of hundreds and thousands of civilians. The many different ethinic groups in Sudan were constantly arguing and fighting over any and all issues and problems that could be brought upon to their attention; this led to growing tension. The mass killings in Sudan could be classified as ethnic cleansing; a term used to describe the killing of an ethnic group of people because their role in that society is unjustified or they are invading on terriotory that they are not welcome on.
Season of Migration to the North by Tayeb Salih tells the story of a man searching for an identity he was unaware he had lost. Through his growing understanding of Mustafa Sa'eed's life, the central character eventually reconciles his own identity conflicts.
The novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal El Saadawi and the article “With Tasers and placards, the women of Egypt are fighting back against sexism” by Laurie Penny can be connected both internally in regards to the text and outwardly to the time and place surrounding the novel and article. Although Woman at Point Zero provides a fictional journey, one that is at heart and by inspiration very genuine, the ideas incorporated into this novel are just as authentic as those provided by the first hand account given by Laurie Penny. Woman at Point Zero follows the story of one woman, Firdaus, who is forcibly raped on numerous occasions. Firdaus later finds security by means of prostitution, which leads her to be targeted on a more authoritative scale. Ultimately Firdaus finds strength to retaliate against the men who have harmed her, as can be seen when she defends herself, killing her pimp. Penny documented her experience at a women’s march in Egypt, after interviewing after obtaining views of the social injustices occurring in this region. The very similar infrastructure for these texts allows one to easily draw connections. Both article and novel can be connected through the familiar settings of the authors, the techniques used to convey the situation of Egypt, and the direct intentions that the authors held and ultimately saw into fruition.
While Collins does a succinct job of examining the economic and political factors that heightened colonization, he fails to hone in on the mental warfare that was an essential tool in creating African division and ultimately European conquest. Not only was the systematic dehumanization tactics crippling for the African society, but also, the system of racial hierarchy created the division essential for European success. The spillover effects of colonialism imparted detrimental affects on the African psyche, ultimately causing many, like Shanu, to, “become victims to the white man’s greed.”
Waïl S. Hassan,(2003). Gender (and) Imperialism: Structures of Masculinity in Tayeb Salih's Season of Migration to the North. Sage publications. Retrieved from jmm.sagepub.com at University of Balamand.Dec, 2013. dio: 10.1177/1097184X02238529.