SCOPE OF PROBLEM
Unintended pregnancies among HIV positive women in low-income settings is a significant public health issue with implications for the health and well-being of women of childbearing age, their partners, and their children. According to the Global HIV/AIDS Response Progress Report (WHO, 2011), Swaziland is a priority country for eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Swaziland has the highest HIV prevalence in the world - nearly 26% of adults aged 15-49 in Swaziland are living with HIV. Among adults with HIV in Swaziland, 58% are women (UNAIDS, 2012). Further concerning is the high prevalence of HIV among young women who are reaching the peak of fertility. HIV prevalence among women aged 15-24 was 15.6% in 2009 (Unicef, 2011). Considering that 64% of pregnancies among women aged 15-49 were unintended and that 12% of HIV positive women reported an unmet need for family planning, unintended pregnancies among HIV positive women in Swaziland is a significant cause for concern (Unicef, 2011; WHO, 20l11).
In response to high rates of HIV transmission to infants in the intrapartum and postpartum periods, the United Nations developed a four-pronged approach for preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). The four components of the PMTCT strategy include: 1) primary prevention of HIV among women of childbearing age; 2) prevention of unintended pregnancies among women living with HIV; 3) prevention of transmission of HIV from mothers living with HIV to their infants; 4) treatment, care and support for mothers living with HIV and their children and families (PEPFAR, 2010). Prevention of unintended pregnancies among HIV positive women continues to pose a challenge to the reduction of maternal-child tra...
... middle of paper ...
...icef.org/aids/files/hiv_pmtctfactsheetSwaziland.pdf
Wanyenze, R. K., Wagner, G. J., Tumwesigye, N. M., Nannyonga, M., Wabwire-Mangen, F., & Kamya, M. R. (2013). Fertility and contraceptive decision-making and support for HIV infected individuals: client and provider experiences and perceptions at two HIV clinics in Uganda. BMC Public Health, 13, 98. doi: 1471-2458-13-98 [pii]
10.1186/1471-2458-13-98
Warren, C.E., Abuya, T., & Askew, I. (2013). Family planning practices and pregnancy intentions among HIV-positive and HIV-negative postpartum women in Swaziland: a cross sectional survey. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13(150), 1-10. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-13-150
World Health Organization. (2011). Global HIV/AIDS response: epidemic update and health sector progress towards universal access. Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241502986_eng.pdf
They believe the only issue is with the fertility clinic not doing their part in creating a sound environment that is geared developing a child not money centered. The third author’s outlook lead more towards providing counseling as a direction for the couple’s situation. They believe that its necessary to seek outside help to provide guidance on handling this matter. The stress, tension, and uncertainty that is arising in the individuals that are involves needs a middle man of a professional background to give insight them on how to handle these matters. The last author displayed his opinion as focuses more on incorporating all parties in the process of child birth. The author believes that everyone should not only consider the importance it has on one’s self, on the unborn, and
In Hemingway’s “Hills like White Elephants” and Wallace’s “Good People,” both of the young females, Jig and Sheri, experience an unplanned pregnancy and must decide whether an abortion is the right choice. While the former story employs dialogue to depict the relationship of an adventurous, carefree couple in the 1920s, the latter uses third person limited point of view to show a faithful young couple whose religion is their source of morality. Thus, Wallace digs much deeper since both religion and love are a factor in Sheri’s ultimate decision. The enigmatic endings of both stories leave us questioning Jig and Sheri’s choice and its impact on the future of their relationship with their respective partners. The text suggests that Jig will not comply with the American’s wish of aborting the baby because of her vision and the indicative dialogue between her and the American, and Sheri will conform to her religious beliefs and carry the child. Whereas Jig will leave the American due to his lack of obligation, Lane Dean Jr. will marry Sheri in his effort to be a good person.
Two-thirds of infants die during the first month of life due to low birth weight (Lia-Hoagberg et al, 1990). One reason for this outcome is primarily due to difficulties in accessing prenatal care. Prenatal health care encompasses the health of women in both pre and post childbearing years and provides the support for a healthy lifestyle for the mother and fetus and/or infant. This form of care plays an important role in the prevention of poor birth outcomes, such as prematurity, low birth weight and infant mortality, where education, risk assessment, treatment of complications, and monitoring of fetus development are vital (McKenzie, Pinger,& Kotecki, 2012). Although every woman is recommended to receive prenatal health care, low-income and disadvantaged minority women do not seek care due to structural and individual barriers.
Many who seek abortions are financially insecure. In a survey conducted by the journal Perspectives on Se...
Zulueta, P de (2000). The ethics of anonymised HIV testing of pregnant women: a reappraisal . Journal of Medical Ethics, 26, 16-21.
3. Chandra A; Martinez GM, Mosher WD, Abma JC, Jones J (November 2005). Fertility, Family Planning, and Reproductive Health of U.S.Women: Data From the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Hyattsville, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services. pp. 17, 90. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
O'Leary, Ann. Beyond Condoms: Alternative Approaches To HIV Prevention. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Pub., 2002. eBook Collection. Web. 20 Feb. 2013.
Over the last decades, several researchers have identified unintended pregnancy and unsafe abortion as a major threat to the reproductive health of young adults in developing countries.2 An estimated 3.1 million unintended pregnancies occur every year in the United States3 and 76 million in the developing countries.4 In the united states, about half (49%) of all pregnancies are unintended; half of these are terminated by abortion5. The WHO in 2006 estimated 13% of the approximately 585,000 maternal deaths each year worldwide to have resulted from unsafe abortion 6.Induced abortion currently accounts for 20,000 of the estimated 50,000 material deaths that occur in Nigeria each year.7
Secondly, The health of the mother, body of physical disorders of the body. The major reason that abortion should not be banned is for preventing transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) from mother to infant during pregnancy “reduce maternal morbidity and mortality” (Rudolph Gurtovnik, 2008, p.28) it is the big problem that the government has to solve and spent a lot of budget to treat all of these people. Some women feel that they have not the economic resources to take care a HIV child. A HIV status may also the cause women to reject their pregnancy. Some women need to restrict their incomes for accessing on a meditation and treatment to family members’ HIV infection. On the other hands, a pregnancy woman also has a negative impact to her health HIV women access abortion because they intentionally choose not to have a child and also fear that their pregnancy would lead to both mother and child poor health and death.
one-quarter of all accidental pregnancies per year” (Planned Parenthood). Teenagers do not know enough about sex and the consequences it may bring. Aside from becoming pregnant, it is very much possible to get sexually transmitted diseases, which may pass on to the baby. Some of these diseases, such as HIV, may be fatal. If they are not dangerous, at times they are untreatable. A person would be left with dealing with ...
...ld Health Organization (WHO) report shows that, most people living with HIV or at risk for HIV do not have access to treatment, care and prevention and there is still no cure. In spite of these challenges, there have been successes. Global efforts have been made to address the epidemic, specifically in the last decade. The HIV prevalence rates have been reduced in a small but growing number of countries due to prevention and new HIV infections are believed to be on the decline. In addition to this, the number of people with HIV receiving treatment in resource poor countries has increased 10 times since 2002, nearing an estimated 4 million by 2008.
Stoto, Michael A., Donna A. Almario, and Marie C. McCormick. Reducing the Odds: Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV in the United States. Washington, D.C.: National Academy, 1999. Print.
The chosen health improvement initiative that is going to be studied within this community profile is reducing the amount of teenage pregna...
Since the 1970s, many countries in the world the problem of adolescent sexuality and first sexual experience at young age appeared. To make matters worse, the trend of adolescent pregnancy became increasingly serious. From the fact sheet of World Health Organization, there are about 16 million adolescent girls giving birth every year – most in low- and middle-income countries. Among them, an estimated three million girls aged 15-19 undergo unsafe abortions every year. In low- and middle-income countries, over 30% of girls marry before they are 18 years of age; around 14% before the age of 15 and complications from pregnancy and childbirth are a leading cause of death among girls aged 15-19 years.
HIV does not only affect the well-being of individuals, it has large impacts on households, communities and even nations as a whole. Peer discussions and personal research has also made me realize that some of the countries suffering from this HIV epidemic also rather unfortunately suffer from other infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis, relative poverty and economic stagnation. Despite these setbacks, new inte...