URBAN STUDIES

Urban studies are a multi -faceted learning of metropolis environments, including but not limited to their outlying areas. The tools of sociology and economic theories, hypothetical questions stir the search for the genesis, growth and influences of establishments. The relevance of urban studies is its straightforward application to what obtains outside centers of studies. Knowledge derived from these studies is crucial in influencing the social and economic dynamics of metropolitan areas.

Why the Market System is unable to adequately
Determine Allocation of Resources across the Metropolitan Region
A market system that is functioning without artificial distortions allocates resources across the board efficiently. Nevertheless, where there is a skewed allocation, the market fails to allocate resources. The reason for this failure is that free market benefits are not the same as those of the community where the business operates. For example, owners of a factory, which spews smoke into the atmosphere, make money but the resulting pollution of the atmosphere affect people. Aggregate households and the state together at various stages spend huge sums of money treating smoke-induced ailments more than what the business uses to produce the goods and services. Other reasons for failure are disinformation, which spurs the use of poor goods that are deliberately mass-produced. This is to the disfavor of better goods that favored by consumers. This under production means the market largely has poor choices of goods of value yet teems with poor ones. This production of goods and services that consumers do not need is misplacement of resources, which could have catered for the various demands in the market. The profit motive in free markets...

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...ion policy are against anti-competitive practices like fixing of prices. Making employees to do excess hours is an example of exploitation of workers and so is payment of wages below specified minimum. Employment Laws offer legal protection against these two vices. Some labor practices make a mockery of employment in some areas of the world where the employer has inserted several clearly punitive clauses in employment agreements. These clauses ensure that employers deduct all days that an employee is not on duty when they are sick or went to sort personal and family issues. These sound extreme in developed countries. However, in developing countries these injustices are very common infringements on employment act enshrined in the ILO Conventions on labor issues.

Works Cited
Gottdiener, Hutchison. The New Urban Sociology, Perseus Books Publishers. 2006., Print