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The role of women in the Middle East
Misconceptions associated with the role of women in Islam
Womens rights in the middle east religion
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In the Middle East, women’s roles in society have been confused with the different interpretations of the Qur’an and different influences the regions have had from pre-Islamic times until the 21st century. Women’s roles in marriage in the Qur’an is equal and loving but has been twisted and altered due to different interpretations of what marriage means in the regions. Tunisia is a significant country in the Middle Eastern region as far as women’s rights go. It is important to distinguish what “women’s rights” means in the Middle East versus what the Western world perceives, and often times expects, of those societies. Women’s rights in Tunisia have improved and go against the many stereotypes the West has about the region to this day. This can be shown in aspects of everyday life such as their role in the family, marriage, and divorce. While there were vast, legal improvements made after independence, it can be seen that they were not always followed and weren’t firmly put into place until much later. ??!?! when? Marriage began to change drastically and significantly in terms of divorce, polygamy, and custody rights. One of the more controversial aspects of marriage is polygyny. The political and societal practices and interpretations of Tunisia have changed drastically. Shari’a Law is flexible enough to be vastly different based on interpretation of the Qur’an and Hadith but it seems apparent that its sources, the Qur’an and Hadith are not, in fact, permitting the practice. Tunisia started to make the changes seen in the laws related to family stemmed from the French occupation from 1881 until March 20,1956: when they claimed independence. Power went to the nationalist Habib Bourguiba that led to a law reform (in August of 195... ... middle of paper ... ...0225767#reader_0520225767 http://doras.dcu.ie/15733/1/5.pdf - Reforming the family code in Tunisia and Morocco: the struggle between religion, globalization, and democracy Boittin, Jennifer Anne. 2010. "Feminist Mediations of the Exotic: French Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, 1921–39." Gender & History 22, no. 1: 131-150. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed November 30, 2013). "World Intellectual Property Organization." Tunisia: The Constitution of Tunisia, 1959. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=188948 (accessed November 24, 2013). - PRIMARY SOURCE: TUNISIAN CONSTITUTION Tamanna, Nowrin. 2008. "Personal Status Laws in Morocco and Tunisia: A Comparative Exploration of the Possibilities for Equality-Enhancing Reform in Bangladesh." Feminist Legal Studies 16, no. 3: 323-343. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2013).
The French occupation is a confrontation between exported modernity and an old regime: the French revolutionaries and their dominance over the Ottoman social order that is markedly different in contrast; and, al-Jabarti reports on how it transfers cross-culturally. Levels of contestation, open and/or secretive acceptances give way to losses and gains driven by high emotion – even for this writer. He “describes very carefully every step in the negotiation of the organization of society, from administration to inheritance, from property to charity or from justice to deliberation.”
The first religion and its views on women that will be discussed in this essay is Islam. Islam is a religions founded in Saudi Arabia almost two thousand years ago, by the prophet Muhammad. In fact, Muhammad dedicated much attention towards women in the Koran, the holy book of Islam. However, even though much was dedicated to women in the Koran, it was not dedicated to them in the sense of equality. Women in Islamic culture were apparently much lower on the totem pole than men, "The men are made responsible for the women, since God endowed them with certain qualities, and made them the bread earners...If you experience opposition from the women, you shall first talk to them, then [you may use such negative incentives as] deserting them in bed, then you may beat them (129)." Excerpt...
Women’s rights in the Middle East are being restricted, therefore there are many different reactions. Some people were in favor of women having equal rights while there are some who are against women to have the same rights. Since before times, many countries in the Middle East have been taking women for granted and minimized their rights by telling them they can't do something or selling them as if they were prized. When women were treated as prizes it was a practice in Afghanistan called Ba’ad that used women as the compensation, for example a story of a girl named Sakina. She was a consolation prize so that her brother could marry a woman and the Jirga system told her she had to marry a 80 year old guy when she was like 18. This tells me
The Ottoman Empire was one of the longest running empires in history, spanning 624 years. The women of the Ottoman empire were often limited to the household of their husband’s and held back by Ottoman lawmakers and authorities. The point of view of outsiders varied, but there were both positive and negative views. Women in Ottoman society had extremely restricted roles as shown in documents 2, 3, 4, and 1. Document 2 is a chapter of the Qur’an with regard to women’s rights, behavior, and treatment.
Before 1954, Algeria was not considered to be a French colony - rather it was seen as an integral part of France. The region was composed of departments, like those of the mainland. There were over a million white French nationals living in Algeria at the time and around eight million Muslims.3 This was a greater proportion of French nationals than in the other major North African colonies of France - Morocco, and Tunisia.4 Although there were benefits to remaining with France, the colonial administration was heavily weighed against the Muslims - particularly with regards to voting rights. In 1936, for instance, the Popular Front Government of Blum introduced legislation to the Assembly proposing to extend French citizenship to over twenty thousand Algerian Muslims.5 The initiative failed when all the European mayors of Algerian towns resigned in protest.
Trofin, Liliana and Madalina Tomescu. “Women’s Rights in the Middle East”. Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice Vol. 2(1). 1948-9137 (2010): 152-157.
“The Harem Within” is a pioneering work that opens discussion of women’s rights in Islamic societies. With her humble life story Mernissi gives not only a voice to Moroccan women, but stands her advocacy for individual freedom and battle against the harem within. The narrative is a literature example that figures the women discrimination and appeal for
Middle Eastern women need to stand up for their rights and get educated to reverse the notion that they are servants and properties of their men. Furthermore, they need to rise up to their potentials and prove beyond doubt that they are equal to men. This practice would lead the path for future generations to follow and protect the inalienable rights of women. Finally, these women need to break the cycle of oppression by addressing these deeply rooted beliefs, gaining the tools to fight back, and joining forces to make lifelong changes.
Justice is the concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, fairness, or equity . In the Arab society and especially in the Gulf region women always want to have what men have. In elections and voting, working and occupations, they want to be as them. For example, The English Gulf news wrote about a female Saudi writer called Nadine Al Bdair who says that woman should be allowed to marry more than a man just like what Islam does to men, she urges scholars to look for this issue. On her article she said:"Traditionalists argue that Islam forbids women to marry more than one man at once to determine the fatherhood of the child in case the woman becomes pregnant. This argument has now collapsed because modern science can identify the father of any child through DNA testing” . Thi...
Deeb, Mary-Jane. Freedom House. Women’s Rights in the Middle East and North Africa-Oman, 2010. http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=179 (accessed August 14, 2010)
Before beginning the quartet, Djebar, trained as a historian, undertook an oral history project that involved probing Algerian women’s collective memory. In the mid 1970’s she interviewed women in her native region of Cherchell which participated in the independence struggle. The majority that she had interviewed was young women during the war, facing danger and hardship with the male soldiers. Djebar then selected pieces of women’s narratives and inserted them into Fantasia, bringing together the oral history of Algeria.
In Iraq, the family elders typically arrange marriages for their children (Fig. 1). Family members chose women’s groom based on his social status, religion, and educational level. Woman who refuses to marry the person appointed by her family can create a pretext for punishment by her family. Those punishments range from mental and physical abuses to locking their daughters in houses. On the other hand, child marriages are still practiced and considered auspicious among tribes (USAID: Iraq Access to Justice Program 32). The average marriage age of Iraqi women in poor areas is 10, even though the law states that girls must be at least 18 to marry (Iraqi Al-Amal Association Data Base 10, 11). On the other hand, around 3 million Iraqi widows and divorced women fare worst because of discriminatory customs that often leave them without basic necessities of life and without a place in society (Iraqi Women in the Aftermath of War and Occupation
The Web. The Web. 7 Feb. 2012. Krause, Wanda C. "Gender: Gender and Politics." Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa.
Mariamma Ba’s So Long a Letter and the role women and impact of western culture on Islamic women in post-colonial Senegal: A critical analysis of Aissatou.
“Women’s human security rights in the Arab world: on nobody's agenda.” 50.50 Inclusive Democracy, 2 Dec. 2013. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.