Section A: Statistical Data Analyse – Research and Analyse Select, Attach and Describe Tuberculosis in the 1980s were evident through the several years of rising case accounts to its highest point in 1992 this is alarmingly high because the disease travels through the air. As a result, it affects more people, worsening the impact of this disease. It also the impact the lack of education; corrupt living conditions, famine, deprived usage of health care, shortage vaccination charges and poor treatments all contribute to high tuberculosis cases consequence affecting thousand deaths. Explain and Suggest However, tuberculosis cases began to reduce again in 1993 and 2010 showed an eighteenth year drop in the overall number of tuberculosis cases …show more content…
recounted since the increase. “From 1992 until 2002, the total number of tuberculosis cases decreased 5% – 7% annually. From 2002 to 2003, however, the total number of tuberculosis cases decreased by only 1.4%. From 2003 – 2008, the total number of tuberculosis cases decreased between 2 - 3.5% annually. In 2009, tuberculosis cases declined 10.6% from the previous year, which was an unexpectedly large decrease.” (Disease Control and Prevention, 2012) Discuss Nonetheless, in 2010, more than twelve thousand cases were reported from some countries. This represents more than half of what had started in 1992 had changed. This is due to vaccines having advanced in the years and programs have helped raise awareness to help reduce tuberculosis. (226 word count) (Disease Control and Prevention, 2012) Section B – Tuberculosis Type of Infectious Disease Tuberculosis is a disease that is created by a bacterium known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Most types of mycobacteria develop a rope like structured bacteria. Types in its Mycobacterium tuberculosis have a genetically configured to specially to transmit a disease to human. Mycobacterium tuberculosis most commonly attacks the lungs, but tuberculosis germs can infect any body part. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogenic bacterial form of species within the family of Mycobacteriaceae. Tuberculosis can be found mostly in Africa and Southern Asia this is because they are a poor and undeveloped country. Symptoms and Method of Transmitting Untreated tuberculosis patients can pass the disease by coughing or sneezing, this fills the air with bacteria containing Mycobacterium. Inhaling these unhealthy bacteria a person can be infected with tuberculosis. “This causes the parasite to multiply in the blood, causing headaches, fever, weakness, pain in the joints, and stiffness.” (World Health Organization, 2014) People who become ill might not demonstrate signs of illness right away. Nevertheless, medication is available for tuberculosis, though this can take six to nine months and sometimes longer to be treated during the course of taking the …show more content…
medication. Impact of Tuberculosis on Humans The impact of the disease on the person’s life is due to the ease with which the disease can be transferred, people do not want to be in close distance to any infected individuals.
Throughout the beginning phases of tuberculosis, people that take medical care are insisted to keep physically remote for two weeks or longer while receiving treatment to insure that they are no longer contagious. This causes depression, possibly affecting the patient's life long
term. Preventions and Immunes Response The method that ends tuberculosis is by a mixture of drugs called eflornithine and nifurtimox this can be used to provide a new chance to advance the process to reduce tuberculosis cases. Clinical tests have proved that a combination of both drugs reduces the duration of treatment, makes it easier to manage through dosages, while maintaining the same level of efficacy when treated over a longer period without eflornithine alone. Mycobacterium tuberculosis have a particle on the external layer called lipomannan that can stop growing vital protein in the body's immune system which the cells surround the tuberculosis infected area and provide it in a hidden state. This protein is known as a tumor necrosis factor (TNF). When the TNF is not formed in enough numbers, the Mycobacterium can produce an uncontrolled infection of the lungs inside and out. (416 word count) Advances of Scientific Technology for the Improvement of Human Lives Explore and Recommendations Improvements in technical advancements have proved that the discovery and treatments of tuberculosis has been greatly increased by the recent outbreaks of a combined drug preventing tuberculosis. Recommendation to end poverty is by increases the risks of poor health. Infectious and neglected tropical diseases kill and weaken millions of the most vulnerable and poorest people every year. Predict and Refer Improving health areas such as hygiene, this will control the extent of tuberculosis in poverty-stricken places. Decreasing the expansion of tuberculosis is early discovery and suitable treatment so that the disease will not advance further communicating the disease to more individuals. This can help people’s lives in future since approximately a million people die annually from tuberculosis in developing countries. Ending poverty will save millions of people. Referring to this graph, it shows that Africa and southern Asia are top ranking since they are an undeveloped country. What is Happening in 2015 “Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem. In 2012, an estimated eight million people developed tuberculosis and one million died from the disease. The number of tuberculosis deaths is unacceptably large given that most are preventable. Nearly twenty years after the World Health Organisation declaration of tuberculosis as a global public health emergency, major progress has been made towards 2015 global targets set.” (World Health Organisation , 2013) (223 word count) Global Warning Persuasive Speech Global warming will cause flooding, drought and the extinction for wildlife. Good afternoon, I’m Kaitlyn and here at this Youth Forum to discuss the global issues Global Warning. Global warming is a real risk that if uncontrolled will be destructive. Global warming is unhealthy and destroying the planet, from North Pole to South Pole. Worldwide, the tempters is increasing, and yet more in the Polar Regions. ‘Furthermore, the effects of rising temperatures aren’t waiting for some far-flung future. They’re happening right now. Signs are appearing all over, and some of them are surprising. The heat is not only melting glaciers and sea ice; it’s also shifting precipitation patterns and setting animals on the move. We all know about global warming, but do we really care or try to do at least some of the things that will help stop it or at least slow it down.’ (National Geographic Society, 2014) It is essential to know that Global warming is turning into a larger threat as the years pass nonetheless only in the previous year’s global warming has come to public’s notice in a critical way. It’s come to be of a great consequence today due to the threats it inflicts on life round the world. Global warming is the heating of the earth, this starts out once greenhouse gasses, Co2 discharged in high intensities into the atmosphere, and this creates a shell around the earth. Then the sun, which directs radiations to earth. Some of these discharges reflect back, but since the shell produced by the gasses, therefore the warming of the earth, progressively melts the ice caps, altering climate, changing forms that our planet has sustained for many years. At first it was discovered when it came into view of a picture of the earth was captured on the Apollo 8 mission, this photo indicated how simply the earth can be damaged. A problem related to global warming would be the melting ice caps. Ice caps give homes for animals and allow the world’s temperatures, under control. With the melting ice caps the sea levels rise and ‘The Gulf Stream’ will stop, which will affect the tempters all around the world. This could potentially lead to another ice age. ‘The Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current in the western North Atlantic Ocean. It moves north along the coast of Florida and then turns eastward off of North Carolina, flowing northeast across the Atlantic.’ (National Ocean Service, 2014) ‘Glaciers and ice caps are melting, for instance, Kilimanjaro, a mountain that one had lots of glaciers for years, but today there is virtually none that puts local towns and villages in danger as these villages depend on the water from the streams and ice caps created. 40% of the world’s population rely on water from rivers and streams, which come from the Himalayas, but then again exactly like Kilimanjaro, the glaciers are slowly melting.’ (Wattpad, 2014) Uprising sea levels are at threat, with dissolving ice caps, large quantities of water will cause to flow into the sea. If melted more in West Antarctica, worldwide sea levels will increase by more than twenty feet. If the ice capes carry on melting in these parts, many low areas will go underwater. Furthermore this possibly can cause conflict due to some natural resources are reduced and such decrease in food and water may cause violent behaviour between countries. The outcomes of global warming become gradually worse once each extra degree of warming increases. ‘Risk to increased damage to or irreversible loss of unique and threatened habitats, such as coral reefs, tropical glaciers, endangered species, ecosystems and small island states. Risks of extreme weather examples include an increase in the frequency, intensity, or consequences of heat waves, floods, droughts, wildfires, or tropical cyclones. Distribution of Impacts concerns disparities of impacts. Some regions, countries, and populations face greater harm from climate change, whereas other regions would be much less harmed and some may benefit; the magnitude of harm can also vary within regions and across sectors and populations.’ (Cook, 2014) however with the disadvantages have advantages like warmer weather is healthier, longer growing seasons for crops, accessible supplies to Antarctic resources, safer and more Co2 for the plant. Yet those with doubts about global warming considered are ecological, environmental, and not caused by greenhouse gas emission. However, there is no proof to encourage this statement. Escaping the worst influences of global warming requires a change in what we consume and produce energy. This must begin instantly and be well in progress within the future years. This involves a widespread change of the way we produce, consume and distribute. With present technology, renewable energy sources like wind, solar, and geothermal can provide 96% of our electricity and 98% of our total heating demand — accounting for almost all of our primary energy demand. Global warming is our reality. Our planet is warmer than it was in the past two thousand years, and we are undergoing a more rapid sea level advance and more dangerous weather conditions than experts predicted. If we continue, internationally high temperature will advance. You can help by going green this is a significant measure that we all can perform in order to make a difference to the world. The global warming is real. The global warming is significant. ‘Global Warming put today in perspective. Global warming isn't a prediction. It is happening.’ – James Hansen
Paul Farmer was born in Massachusetts in 1959, went to Harvard Medical School, became a doctor, and ended up living and working in Haiti. He co-founded an organization in 1987 called Partners in Health (PIH). The philosophy behind the organization is that everyone, no matter who or where has a right to health care. Paul Farmer and PIH have already made amazing progress in Haiti, Peru, and several other countries, helping people get the care they need. PIH’s website lists a detailed history of they and Farmer’s work in Haiti. When Paul Farmer first came to Cange, Haiti as a medical student in 1983, the place was in shambles. In 1956, a dam was built on the Artibonite River, flooding the village and forcing the residents to move up into the hills. Many of these displaced villagers were still essentially homeless after nearly thirty years, and had little access to quality health care. With the founding of the Zanmi Lasante clinic later in 1983, Farmer and his friend Ophelia Dahl set the people of Cange on the road to recovery by providing access to doctors, medicine, and emergency care, all completely free. (“Partners”) One of Farmer’s focuses was on tuberculosis (TB) and has had much success on this front. Through new studies and methods such as active case finding and community health workers, as well as his work with multidrug-resistant TB, Paul Farmer has revolutionized treatment of tuberculosis in Haiti and around the world.
Accurso (1997) found that at birth the lungs of CF babies are normal but soon, many become infected with bacteria. This bacterial infections cause chest exacerbations in the patients. A 14-day course of intravenous antibiotics is usually given to the patients (CF Trust, 2011). CF patients constantly seek medical attention for various reasons and in most cases, because of the exacerbations. However, hospital-based care is not always favoured by the patients, as it is disruptive for them and their families, taking patients away daily, work activities and social lives for considerable amounts of time (Sequeiros and Jarad 2009). Both consultants and physiotherapist encourage less interruptive patient-administered homecare....
Hunter, Annadurai and Rothwell defines ventialtor-associated pneumonia as nosocomial pneumonia occurring in patients receiving more than 48 hours of mechanical ventilation via tracheal or trascheotomy tube. It is commonly classified as either early onset (occurring within 96 hours of start of mechanical ventilation) or late onset (>96 hours after start of mechanical ventilation. A ventilator is a machine that is used to help a patient breathe by giving oxygen through an endotracheal tube, which is a tube placed in a patient’s mouth or nose, or through a tracheostomy, which is a surgical opening created trough the trachea in front of the neck. Infection may occur if bacteria or virus enters the tube into the lungs or airways by manual manipulation of the ventilator tubing.
Concerning the morbidity rate of Streptococcal pneumonia I have learned that as a cumulative total, this disease was more prominent in 2012 but not by much. I also learned that the incident values for this disease were all over the place, up and down, but in the end both 2012 and 2013 ended up with the same amount right on the dot.
Signs and Symptoms of Active Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) is a slender, rod-shaped, aerobic bacillus which causes tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborn infection which is transmitted via inhaling droplet nuclei circulating in the air. These droplets are expelled from the respiratory secretion of people who have active TB through coughing, sneezing, and talking (Porth, 2011). Some bacilli stay in the upper airway and are swept out by mucus-secreting goblet cells and cilia on the surface of the airway.
Tuberculosis becomes its most deadly in very crowded and unsanitary conditions, which was the case in the earlier years of Europe and North America, which causes the number of infected to rise once one person is exposed to TB. Now in
One of the first steps to treating Tuberculosis is identifying which form has developed in the body. The two forms that could progress in the body are latent Tuberculosis infection and active Tuberculosis infection (CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports). Latent Tuberculosis is the dormant form of the bacteria, meaning that it is inactive and doesn?t cause an infectious reaction in the body. Even if the latent form enters the body, treatment should be sought (CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports). Latent Tuberculosis can become active Tuberculosis easily though, especially if the immune system is compromised by another infection, like HIV (CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports). Active Tuberculosis infects the body immediately. Symptoms show in the body meaning the bacteria is effecting the cells of the body. Identifying the form is important because treatment is dependent upon it. Testing for TB involves a skin test, usually within seven work-days of contact with the bacteria. Without knowing what is in the body, the drugs won?t be as effective and might even cause drug-resistance.
There are factors that can put people at risk for contracting this disease, for example, exposure to endemic areas such as India, Egypt, Brazil, and Angola. Although this disease is communicable, it is not highly contagious. Constant contact with the untreated may result in transmission of the disease through inhaled respiratory secretion or droplets entering an abrasion on the skin. However, droplets cannot infect the intact skin. Individuals living with the untreated are 8X more likely to develop the disease. Another risk factor may be the improper handling of wild life without safety gloves. Certain primates and 9-Banned armadillos are possible carriers of this disease, making animal to human transmission a probability. Furthermore, Mycobacterium leprae can survive in moist soil for one to two weeks.
TB is a disease that can cause a serious illness and can damage a person's
Some people have turned to stress relief to relieve the symptoms to help fight off infections.
Tuberculosis (TB) has various infections that can completely immobilize one's body. Its infections are varied and it generally eats away lung tissues and forms boils that releases pus. As disease proceeds, lungs would mercilessly be devoured and the victim will become pallid and fragile, coughing up blood and becoming unable to breathe. The word consumption originated from this sickness because o Infections in digestive tract can cause serious vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and acute pain. Aside from lungs, it can also infect bloodstream and even kidneys. TB can also cripple people's nervous system and their bones. Basically, it can destroy one's body completely. Surprisingly, the germ causing it (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) is extremely small.
The genus Bordetella, named after Jules Bordet, includes nine different species of coccobacillus shaped bacteria. They are Gram-negative and every single species can infect humans,
Tuberculosis is transmitted by inhalation of aerosols containing the tubercle bacilli. The required inoculum size for infection is usually high, but easily occurs with exposure to a patient who is currently infected. The products of dried aerosols, droplet nuclei, are particularly infectious because they remain in the air for an extended time, and upon inhalation easily move to the alveoli. The severe damage related to infection is caused by the reaction of the host. The tuberculosis infection has two phases, primary and secondary.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is caused by bacteria that belongs to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Although Tb can affect other parts of the body, it mainly attacks the lungs (pulmonary) (Dye et al. 1999).What makes TB dangerous socially is that its pulmonary form is infectious and can be spread through contact of the infectious droplets. The most widespread mechanism of Tb spread is the cough. However, the infection spread requires prolonged contact with a patient and mostly the members of the same household are at risk. The issue of TB has lingered for years and continues to be a major public health problem within England, Tower Hamlets especially (Department of Health, 2010). The most reported cases of TB in the United Kingdom are in London and the more deprived boroughs around it. The rise in TB cases in the area of Tower Hamlets was seen mainly in the non-UK born residents, particularly those with origins from areas with high TB incidence like Sub-Sahara Africa, Indian Subcontinent and East Europe). Another group with high prevalence is the socially disadvantaged and included the homeless, drug users and prisoners (NHS, 2012).
T. pallidum is highly sensitive to oxygen and has a decreased ability to survive when not in human body temperature environments 1. The mode of transmission is through sexual contact or vertical transmission from the mother to the fetus. T. pallidum lacks the lipopolysaccharide which is the endotoxin normally present in gram negative bacteria1. The bacterium does produce many lipoproteins which are thought to prompt the inflammatory mediators through the recognition of toll-like receptors1. T. pallidum has a virulence factor of being highly motile due to its ability to propel itself forward by rotating on a longitudinal axis1. The spirochetes easily penetrate the skin or mucosal membranes and spread throughout the lymph nodes and then the blood circulation, affecting many parts in the body1.