The firing procces
A trebuchet starts to fire when the counter weight is hoisted up. When the
counterweight is hoisted up as high as possible it has lots and lots of potential
energy, when the counterweight drops this potential energy will change into kinetic
energy and over the fall gravity and weight will force the counter weight to
accelerate and gain momentum.
Speed is key when firing a trebuchet so the best trebuchets have a lot of
momentum which means more acceleration which means more speed. On an
effective trebuchet the momentum will be strong enough to push the counter
weight past the 90 degree angle. Once the payload has reached a fast enough
speed, it undergoes centripetal acceleration.
Slightly after the payload has undergone centripetal
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acceleration the velocity of the payload is not blocked by the sling so the payload flies out of the sling and towards the target. Under NO stage of the trebuchet firing process are the forces acting on the trebuchet balanced.
Some factors that effect the firing distance
Arm length ratio - if the length of the firing arm from the fulcrum to the
counterweight is to long or to short compared to the length of the firing arm from
the fulcrum to the sling the trebuchet’s firing distance will be effected. If the ratio of
these to sections is less than 3:1 ( with the longer side been the sling side) the
payload will not release high enough and the firing distance will be effected. If the
ratio is above 3:1 (say 4:1) the moment of inertia will be too low and the force of
the counterweight will not be enough to get the counter weight to the necessary
velocity to optimise the firing distance.
Wheels or no wheels - having wheels does effect the firing distance. If there is
wheels on a trebuchet it allows the counter weight to swing further and faster,
creating more force, why? Because the force of going backwards pushes the
counterweight.
Counterweight mass - the heavier the counterweight the faster the trebuchet will
fire, which means more acceleration which will make the payload fire further. If the
counterweight is too light than the acceleration will not be high enough to
optimise firing distance. If the counterweight is too heavy than there will not be enough momentum to keep the counterweight going fast enough for long enough. Sling length - changing the sling length changes the release angle, longer slings will fire flatter and shorter, shorter slings will lob the payload high but also not go too far. The key to optimise trebuchet firing length is to find somewhere in the middle.
The arm is designed to carry up to 255,736 pounds of space station material off and on the space station. The arm will have to be used to move every thing into place on the space station. Its main goal will be to make the astronaut’s job a lot easier and safer by the arm doing the most of the work.
First the energy of conservation. The setting of the trebuchet before firing is shown in Fig 1. A heavy counterweight of mass (M) (contained in a large bucket) on the end of the short arm of a sturdy beam was raised to some height while a smaller mass (m) (the projectile), was positioned on the end of the longer arm near or on the ground. In practice the projectile was usually placed in a leather sling attached to the end of the longer arm. However for simplicity, we shall ignore the sling and compensate for this omission by increasing the assumed length of the beam on the projectile’s side. The counterweight was then allowed to fall so that the longer arm swung upward, the sling following, and the projectile was ultimately thrown from its container at some point near the top of the arc. The far end of the sling was attached to the arm by a rope in such a way that the release occurred at a launching angle near the optimum value ( most likely by repeated trials) for the launch height. The launching position is shown in fig.2 where we have assumed that the projectile is released at the moment the entire beam is vertical. In the figures: (a)=height of the pivot, (b)= length of the short arm, (c)= length of the long arm, while (v) and (V) are the velocities of (m) and (M), respectively, at the moment of launching.
According to Chevedden et al., (2002) the Latin word for trebuchet was “ingenium” and those who designed, made and used them were called inginators. These early engineers kept modifying the trebuchet to increase the range and impact force. One of the improvements engineers made was varying the length of the sling ropes so the shot left the machine at a ? angle of 45 degrees to the vertical (shown in the figure above), which produces the longest trajectory (Chevedden et al.,
13 What does boresighting do to the weapon system? removes the error between the barrel and sight to produce more accurate fire
where mp is the mass of the projectile. Once released, the projectile will have a range R given by the equation
For over two hundred centuries, mankind has wrestled with the problem of how to hit an object with another object. From the earliest days of the bow and arrow, to today's modern missile defense system, the need to achieve maximum accuracy and distance from a projectile has been critical to the survival of the human race. There are numerous of ways to solve the problem ranging from trial and error—as early man did—to advanced mathematics including trigonometry and calculus. (While the specific mathematical operations are beyond the scope of this work, we will briefly touch on the equations of motion and how they apply to projectile motion as the project progresses.)
The trebuchet is used with a long wooden arm refreshed on a hinge point, which acted as a big level. A bullet was placed on one end and soldiers in this earlier form of the trebuchet pushed on slings devoted to the other end to fundamentals swing the arm around and throw the
The Army hand-emplaced, six-tube launcher pod will deliver a high volume of munitions, including flash-bang and sting-ball grenades, at ranges between 25–500 meters. This barrage will enable the warfighter to deny the targeted individuals freedom of movement, while preserving that freedom for friendly forces.
If I were using a cut out of length 1cm, the equation for this would
Conventional guns, such as cannons, 155 mm howitzers, and multiple-launch rocket system (MLRS), utilise the chemical energy derived by igniting a charge of chemicals (gun powder). The maximum velocity at which the penetrator can be propelled is approximately 1.5-2.0 km/sec. On the other hand, electromagnetic launchers (EML guns), or railguns, use the electrical energy, and the concomitant magnetic field (energy), to propel the penetrators/projectiles at velocities up to 10 km/sec. This increase in velocity results in greater kinetic energy for the same penetrator mass. The greater the energy, the greater is the damage inflicted on the target. For this and other reasons, the DoD (especially, the U. S. Army) has conducted extensive research into the railguns.
In order to shoot an arrow, one needs to think about their target and what angle is most appropriate to shoot from. There are a lot of factors to keep in mind when doing this. Such as the velocity of your arrow, the optimal height you want, and the distance you want to cover. In my exploration, I wanted to see how the different aspects of projectile motion would affect the compound bow and the conve...
The height of the beam was determined for purposes of calculating the moment of inertia. Maximum permissible loads were calculated for quarter span and Midspan. The beam was loaded at the midspan in 5lb and increments done until the maximum limit was reached and the deflection recorded. The procedure was repeated for quarter span. The beam dimensions were recorded and the area moment of inertia determined. The safe loads at the mid-span and at the end of cantilever were calculated and the beam was loaded with 2lb at the mid span until the maximum load limit was attained. Deflection was determined at each point of increment. The procedure was repeated in a free end beam. A convenient reference point on the beam was chosen for deflection measurements. A single concentrated load was placed at some point and the deflection determined. The first load was removed and a second load placed at a different point and deflection determined. Both loads were applied simultaneously and the resulting deflection determined. Two non-symmetrical reference points were chosen on the beam and concentrated load (P1) applied at one point at deflection determined. The load was removed from the first reference point and a different load placed at a second reference
We use them mostly for business and for shipment. of course catapults today look more modern so you won’t recognize them. For example we use them in airports and we use them in factory’s. In some other places around the world people still do use them.
Angular projectile motion is used to calculate how far an object with an initial velocity that is projected at an angle to the horizontal will travel horizontally. It can also be used to calculate the maximum height reached by the object and how long it was in the air for. When solving angular projectile motion problems, one must consider the following steps. To begin with one must calculate the horizontal acceleration of the object, keeping in mind that the vertical acceleration is 9.8 m/s2 due to gravity. In most cases one is given the angle of the ramp to the horizontal, and the velocity. If not given, the velocity can be calculated using the object’s acceleration at a given moment in time. One must then calculate the vertical and horizontal components of the velocity using a vector diagram. To represent the problem, draw a rough diagram of the problem. Before one calculates the horizontal displacement of the object, one must find the time the object was in the air for.
Useful for the military, projectile motion can now be used for a number of weapons; which is when an object (like a bullet or cannon) is thrown-projected- and mov...