Abstract:
Beam deflections are important characteristics that can be shown by a loaded beam. Both cantilever beam and the simple beam were made of steel. The theory of deflection plays important roles in determination of modulus of elasticity because the relevant equations were applied in excel for purposes of getting the values. Engineers must understand beams from a theoretical perspective to enhance the safety of the designed structures. There are several aspects of the beams that were studied in the experiment. These elements include: moment of inertia, the length of the beam and cross section width. After conducting the experiment, we realized that the deflection of the beam increased as the load was increased. Maxwell theorem and
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The height of the beam was determined for purposes of calculating the moment of inertia. Maximum permissible loads were calculated for quarter span and Midspan. The beam was loaded at the midspan in 5lb and increments done until the maximum limit was reached and the deflection recorded. The procedure was repeated for quarter span. The beam dimensions were recorded and the area moment of inertia determined. The safe loads at the mid-span and at the end of cantilever were calculated and the beam was loaded with 2lb at the mid span until the maximum load limit was attained. Deflection was determined at each point of increment. The procedure was repeated in a free end beam. A convenient reference point on the beam was chosen for deflection measurements. A single concentrated load was placed at some point and the deflection determined. The first load was removed and a second load placed at a different point and deflection determined. Both loads were applied simultaneously and the resulting deflection determined. Two non-symmetrical reference points were chosen on the beam and concentrated load (P1) applied at one point at deflection determined. The load was removed from the first reference point and a different load placed at a second reference
The purpose of the projectile lab is to test the validity of the law of conservation of energy. The application of this law to our everyday lives is a surprisingly complicated process. Conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but that it can be transferred from one form to another. Consider the projectile lab from document A that this essay is based upon. In an ideal experiment, the projectile is isolated from everything except the gravitational field. In this case, the only force acting on the particle is gravity and there are only two forms of energy that are of interest: the energy of the particle due to its motion (defined as kinetic
Based on the data obtained, Figure 1 represents a force vs. time graph for the amount of force that was used to pull a wooden block across a table. As illustrated in Figure 1, the initial flat line in the graph represents the block at rest, this is where the forces acting on the object are the normal force, gravity, and the static frictional force. Force was then applied to the wooden block until it began to move, the point at which the block moves is the peak in Figure 1. This is the point at which there was enough force applied to the block to overcome the maximum static friction force. The graph then begins to decrease because once a force is applied to the object that is greater than the maximum frictional force, not as much force is needed to continue to pull
According to Suspension bridges: Concepts and various innovative techniques of structural evaluation, “During the past 200 years, suspension bridges have been at the forefront in all aspects of structural engineering” (“Suspension”). This statement shows that suspension bridges have been used for over 200 years, and that people are still using them today because they are structurally better bridges. This paper shows four arguments on the advantages of suspension bridges, and why you should use one when building a bridge. When deciding on building a suspension bridge, it has many advantages such as; its lightness, ability to span over a long distance, easy construction, cost effective, easy to maintain, less risk
Today, engineers rely on damping systems to counteract nature's forces. There are many types of damping systems that engineers can now use for structures, automobiles, and even tennis rackets! This site focuses on damping systems in structures, mainly architectural variations of the tuned mass damper.
One of the problems with graphic rating scales that quickly became apparent after their introduction is the so-called ‘halo effect.’ When examining graphic ratings of performance, Ford (2001) found that there was a tendency for raters to give similar scores to a ratee on all dimensions of performance. Parrill (1999( To rate a worker in this manner would be the equivalent of rating the worker on one single scale, as opposed to many different scales that measure different aspects of work performance. Other researchers also discovered this problem. Parrill (1999) Soon, there was a great deal of literature documenting the problem of halo when using graphic rating scales. More current literature has also documented the issue of halo, citing that it continues to be a pervasive problem with graphic rating scales (Landy and Farr, 2000).
While in the previous designs, the arm moved only on the fulcrum, the floating arm trebuchet has its fulcrum move along a horizontal beam. In this design, it uses more of a square shape than the triangle of a typical trebuchet (Tarver, 1995). This is what we decided to build because it is the most practical design for amateurs, and it works well even though it is scaled down. Apart from its simplicity, this will also be the best design for changing out the arms, which is what we will be testing, the top of the floating arm trebuchet is open so that you can pull the arm to the very top. Using this design will allow us to simply take the arm off of the top and change it with another longer or shorter
Continuum of force is defined as or known as a scale of force alternatives, to mediate the level of response used in a given situation. (Sgt. George Godoy) In addition, the force continuum is broken down into six levels that are designed or created to be flexible for the force needed in different situations. According to the National Institute of Justice, “officers are instructed to respond with a level of force appropriate to the situation at hand, acknowledging that the officer may move from one part of the continuum to another in a matter of seconds.” The use of the continuum of force is a helpful guide that helps provide officers with how much force may be used against someone that is resisting in any situation. Sometimes using too much force on a resting individual may resort to them getting injured or even worse killed in the process of an arrest similar to a video that I watched last year by a man being suffocated from the weight of a police officer while he was resisting arrest. So, having certain guidelines or different options of force to go by is helpful when faced with different and unique scenarios.
We will now look at the physics of a trebuchet. “The trebuchet uses many different physics applications, we will look at a few of them. Basically a trebuchet is a fulcrum.
Fanella, D. (2011). Reinforced concrete structures: analysis and design / David A. Fanella. New York: McGraw-Hill, c2011.
The halo effect phenomenon is researched by Nisbett & Wilson (1977) and published in their experimental paper titled The Halo Effect: Evidence for Unconscious Alteration of Judgments and will be the main topic of this paper. The halo effect, also known as the physical attractiveness stereotype is a form of cognitive bias in which we assume that people who are physically attractive are also blessed with other appealing attributes such as kindness and intelligence. Limited information about the halo effect is known, and experiments conducted on the topic are even scarcer. This stereotype is portrayed to us at a young age through most Disney movies where we learn that if something is beautiful it is also good. A prime example is Cinderella and
Law of elasticity is known as Hooke’s law, showing the relationship between the forces applied to a spring and its elasticity, which states that relationship between small deformation of the object and the displacement or size are directly proportional to loading and the deforming force. According to Hooke’s law, elastic behaviour of solids could explain by the fact that in component ions, molecules, or atoms from normal positions, which is small deformation, are also proportional to the force that causes the displacement. The deforming force might be applied to a solid by squeezing, compressing, stretching twisting, or bending. Accordingly, spring will return to its primary size and shape upon discharge of the load (Tega, 2010).
Sir Isaac Newton is the man well known for his discoveries around the term, Motion. He came up with three basic ideas, called Newton’s three laws of motion.
Experimental Mechanics involves the experimental investigations of the static and dynamic response of structures and machines, and in the development of improved techniques to obtain and analyze experimental data.
Here, we can use the vectors to use the Pythagorean Theorem, a2 + b2 = c2, to find the speed and angle of the object, which was used in previous equations.
Many thoughts go into the construction of bridges that range from the location of the bridge to the exact beam placement. With engineers continuing to discover new ground breaking tools and technology; bridges become more and more safe. Though bridges have fallen in the past, engineers not only hope to lessen bridge failure but one day eliminate it once and for all.