Treating Adhd Summary

References

Clemmitt, Marcia. (2012). Treating ADHD: Are attention disorders overdiagnosed? CQ

Researcher. 22(28).

Marcia Clemmitt is a staff writer, who is also a veteran social-policy reporter. She holds a position as a high school math and physics teacher on the side of being an author. Clemmitt earned a liberal arts and science degree from St. John’s College in Annapolis. She has obtained a master’s degree in English from Georgetown University as well. Throughout the report, Clemmitt goes into detail about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, also known as ADHD. She questions on whether or not that the mental illness may be overdiagnosed for patients. In her studies, she states that within recent researches, the diagnosis for ADHD

has been becoming more frequently misdiagnosed. There has been worries that Ritalin and Adderall have been overdiagnosed due to the health risks, such as addiction. It has been proven that the misuse of Adderall has been rising within the college community, especially for those who are not even diagnosed with the illness. She asserts that there are other forms of treatment, such as non-drug therapies that can help assist with ADHD. It is also agreed amongst experts that this form of therapy is more effective for long term ADHD patients. Clemmitt states sources with data and percentages of those who are affected. The sources show an objective point of view. Various studies she mentions provide good sources and information on the mental illness and its diagnoses. Throughout other studies I’ve read about, Clemmitt offers a good amount of information about the disorder and the multiple aspects that come with it.
Rosen, Gerald M. (1995). The Aleutian Enterprise sinking and posttraumatic stress disorder:
Misdiagnosis in clinical and forensic settings. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 26(1). 82-87.
Gerald M.

Rosen currently holds a position as a clinical associate professor in the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of Washington while doing his independent practice as a clinical psychologist in Seattle, Washington. Rosen obtained his PhD in 1972 from the University of Wisconsin. Rosen discusses a study that focused on the over diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder, also known as PTSD, from a traumatic event. There were a few contributing factors to the result in the order diagnosis of the disorder. The clinicians only relied on the patient’s self-reports and did not administer any psychometrics throughout the case. They also failed to check medical records and involved biased judgment errors. The results of the findings show concern in the accurate diagnosis of PTSD. The author seemed to be subject to the biased effects. The purpose of this text is to bring awareness to the over diagnosis in patients and the symptoms that resulted in it’s diagnosis. Rosen provides information about the several contributing factors that caused the misdiagnosis of the PTSD in patients. A comparison of sleep-related symptom rates of other marine disasters proves that the Aleutian sinking had a higher percentage of reported symptoms than the others. The purpose of this case is to bring awareness to clinicians to focus more on the communications between the attorney and the client. It’s to observe those communications for consideration of the contributing

symptoms for reporting.
McPartland, James., Peluso, Francesco., Qayyum, Zheala., Schalkwyk, Gerrit., Volkmar, Fred.
(2015). Varieties of Misdiagnosis in ASD: An Illustrative Case Series. Journal of Autism & Development Disorders. 45(4). 911-918.
James McParland from Harvard University in 1996 and obtained a doctoral degree in Child Clinical Psychology from The University of Washington in 2005. McParland is a licensed clinical psychologist who also leads a clinical team in the Yale Development Disabilities Clinic. Francesco Peluso received his BA at Macaulay Honors College at City University of New York in 2009. He then later received his MD in 2013 at State University of New York Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine. Zheala Qayyum is a psychiatrist in New Haven, Connecticut. She had received her MD from Kind Edward Medical University and completed her residency at University of Connecticut. Gerrit Schalkwyk practiced in Psychiatry at New Haven Connecticut. Fred Volkmar obtained his medical degree from Stanford University in 1976 and his fellowship at Yale University School of Medicine. This case focuses several case studies on the autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and its relationship with psychotic disorders (PD). Throughout the several cases it showed comparisons in the symptoms the patients displayed within their episodes. There are patterns of the episode that prove that it would have been premature for making additional diagnoses. It is stated that the main concern may be that the way ASD presents itself is not being fully portrayed. Additional diagnosis of PD is the result of psychiatrists having a hard time fully comprehending ASD. The authors are objective within the article and demonstrate the misdiagnosis of PD due to the lack of ASD awareness. This source provides different cases to demonstrate the different experiences and diagnoses of the relationship between the two illnesses.
Mitchell, Philip. (2012) Bipolar Disorder: The Shift to Overdiagnosis. Canadian Journal of
Psychiatry. 57(11). 659-665.
Philip Mitchell is a Scientia professor and head of the School of Psychiatry at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. Mitchell mainly focuses on the mental illnesses of bipolar disorder and depression. His article mentions two researchers, Mark Zimmerman and Joseph Goldberg, who have reported the increase of over diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BP). The diagnosis of this condition in adults has increased greatly. Mitchell asserts in his article that the evidence of over diagnosis has risen. In clinic and research settings, the shift to over diagnosis has been growing quickly. A shift in over diagnosis is crucial due to the overtreatment or unnecessary treatment for patients. For adults, the adverse effects of the drug can cause metabolic syndrome with atypical antipsychotics. Over diagnosing patients with treatment or medications puts a risk at overmedicalizing other possible conditions. It leaves the psychiatric profession with a loss of credibility. Mitchell mentions that the shift to over diagnosis should not be accepted. The issues of overtreatment, incredibility, and impact on research create a critical matter of misdiagnosing BD. He also states specific facts of the over diagnosis in bipolar disorder. The article stands an objective point of view. The article brings in specific evidence that shows how much over diagnosing a patient has shifted. It focuses on the two researches and their studies they conducted. It reviews the data from the research in which resembles the increase of evidence in clinical practice.
Bruchmuller, Katrin. (2012) Is ADHD diagnosed in accord with diagnostic criteria?
Overdiagnosis and influence of client gender on diagnosis. Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology. 80(1). 128-138.
Katrin Bruchmuller is from the department of Clinical Psychology of Psychiatry. She studied at the University of Basel in Switzerland. There are questions that have not been addressed, which is concerning for the diagnosis of ADHD. There are many studies that demonstrate the over diagnosis of the disorder. Since therapists diagnose children who resemble some of the ADHD symptoms of those who are really diagnosed with the illness, it could be the result in over diagnosis. The conclusion of the studies prove that certain cases are over diagnosed in clinical practices. Since young boys are more prone to ADHD, it is more likely that a boy will be diagnosed more easily than a girl who has the same symptoms. The use of that heuristic is one of the possible reasons of ADHD being overly diagnosed. So boys that shows any of the typical ADHD symptoms can result in being diagnosed with the disorder. Patients who are overdiagnosed impacts the way the patient can be treated. Those who do not need the treatment are exposed to the associated risks. Data provided in the article shows more false positive than false negative diagnosis of ADHD. The source of this article is not biased. The purpose is to understand the over diagnosis in children and the treatment for medications. This article focuses more on the gender role and how it affects the diagnoses of ADHD on children.
Worsnop, Richard L. (1992). Depression: Why does the disorder afflict so many people? CQ
Researcher. 2(37).
Richard L. Worsnop is an associate editor for the CQ Researcher. Within the
article Worsnop focuses on the topic of depression and how it afflicts people.

He makes several points concerning the impact of misdiagnoses on patients in the article. The society of misdiagnosed depression patients is large. Physicians frequently misdiagnose real signs of depression as physical ailments. Worsnop states how several patients who are diagnosed with depression are treated incorrectly with medications due to over diagnoses. Because of that, it makes health care professionals frustrated. There are some cases where older people who are truly depressed end up being diagnosed with Alzheimer’s or dementia. Since both consist of the similar symptoms, but end up not being correctly diagnosed with depression, the patient won’t be offered to the proper treatment. The range of mood shifts and depression make it difficult to diagnose because stress can be a part of one’s own personality. Worsnop stands at an objective point of view throughout his article. His article is sourced in the way to bring attention to the mental illness and the way they affect lives. He cites the several facts on the topic of misdiagnosis on patients, in which he also mentions the other illnesses that can be compared to

it.