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Introduction
Traumatic Brain Injury, otherwise known as TBI, is caused by an external force such as a blow to the head that causes the brain to move inside the skull or damages the skull, which in turn damages the brain. It is a leading cause of death in the United States and nearly one-third of all injury-related deaths in the US are diagnosed as TBI (CDC-Quick stats, 2010). A human can experience traumatic brain injury any time after birth but according to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services, 1.7 million people in the United States sustain a TBI per year. Children up to four years-old, teens aged 15-19 years-old, and adults aged 65 and older, are most likely to sustain a traumatic brain injury. Also, males in every age group experience
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The three leading causes of traumatic brain injuries are falls, motor vehicle accidents, and sport injuries. A few examples of TBIs are a concussion, contusion, brain hemorrhage, and an edema. During an impact, the brain is pushed against the skull and may cause bruising as well as stretching and tearing of nerve tissues, causing a concussion. It can also change the brain’s nerve cell functions and can cause loss of consciousness. A contusion commonly is caused by a coup or contrecoup injury. A coup injury means that the brain is injured in immediate impact while a contrecoupe is when the brain bounced off due to the coup injury on the opposite side. The brain may be contused when it collides with the skull which can lead to bruising and blood vessel leaks. A brain hemorrhage can occur when an artery in the brain bursts which causes bleeding in the brain which kills brain cells. Edema of the brain is when the brain swells due to injury which can cause blockage of necessary fluids and lead to …show more content…
People with these injuries may also have other injuries that need to be addressed, such as loss of excessive blood and paralysis. Medications to limit secondary damage to the brain immediately after an injury may vary depending on severity. A couple of these may include diuretics which reduce the amount of fluid in tissues and increase urine output to get rid of toxins in the body. This process can help reduce pressure inside the brain. Another form of medication used on patients with TBI may include anti-seizure drugs. People who've had a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury are at risk of having seizures during the first week after their injury. They may be prescribed anti-seizure medication to avoid any additional brain damage that might be a secondary injury due to a seizure. Doctors sometimes use coma-inducing drugs to put patients into temporary comas. This is because a comatose brain needs less oxygen to function making it easier for the brain to return to normal functionality. This is especially helpful if blood vessels, compressed by increased pressure in the brain, are unable to deliver the usual amount of nutrients and oxygen to brain cells. Emergency surgery is also a form of immediate treatment for traumatic brain injuries to minimize additional damage
Based upon previous knowledge of brain function, what results from the testing were consistent with a brain injury?
Dr. Bennet Omalu founder of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a highly respected and renowned physician in medical communities around the world with high-level credentials to support his many accolades. Accordingly, Dr. Omalu’s achievements resulted in him becoming a Board Certified Physician Executive, which means that he has attained prominence in the medical community by surpassing the level of expertise in his field (UCDH 2-4). In 2005, Dr. Omalu caused disruption in the National Football League (NFL) with his research linking repetitive head trauma to Neuro-degenerative disease (Omalu, Hamilton et al 40). The medical term Neuro-degenerative covers a wide-range of medical conditions that affects the nerve cells in the brain,
Following behind motor vehicle crashes, traumatic brain injury in sports is the second leading cause of traumatic brain injuries for people fifth-teen to twenty-four years of age. Immense concerns follows given that American football accounts for the highest incidence of concussions (Rowson and Duma 2130). In addition, th...
Even if the physical symptoms of a stroke are obvious, brain scans should also be carried out to determine if the stroke has been caused by a blocked artery (ischaemic stroke) or burst blood vessel (haemorrhagic stroke), which part of the brain has been affected, and how severe the stroke is. Different treatments are required for the different types of stroke, so a rapid diagnosis will make treatment more straightforward. Further tests on the heart and blood vessels might be carried out later to confirm what caused your stroke. In some cases, another type of ultrasound scan called an echocardiogram may be carried out to produce images of your heart and check for any problems with it that could be related to your stroke.
Did you know, that someone suffers from a brain injury every 21 seconds (Haas)? Children get concussions all the time, and most of the time they go unnoticed. The majority of concussions happen when one is playing a sport such as football, hockey, or lacrosse. Many famous athletes have had their careers, even their lives cut short due to concussions. Brain damage and death can result from serial concussions (Schafer). When one suffers from a concussion, one’s brain needs time to recover physically and mentally. Between 2002 and 2006, statistics showed that 52,000 people died from concussions and about 275,000 were hospitalized (Fundukian). Everyone’s recovery process is different (“Injury and Pain Care”). Although concussions seem minor, they are very serious brain injuries that may result in severe damage to one’s brain.
Transition: Noticing symptoms is a sure way to diagnose a concussion, whether they are immediate or develop at a later time.
The rapid objective methods in the diagnosing, evaluating, and follow up of the battlefield mild traumatic brain injury needs treatment standards. There are standards for the moderate to...
Next, there's Iam a lot of informative and educational information you will be able to learn by the end of my presentation. You will be able to define traumatic brain injury signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatments and prevent ions. You can expect to learn that the signs and symptoms of traumatic brain injury varies depending on the severity . the sights and symptoms could be mild, moderate, or severe. If you h...
Traumatic brain injury or TBI occurs when a child has a head injury that causes damage to the brain. These injuries can be caused from being hit in the head or violently shaken. The results of TBI can change how a person’s brain develops, how they act, move, and think. It can also affect how they learn in school (NICHCY, 2012). TBI can affect the way a child thinks, retains information, attention span, behavior, speech, physical activities (which includes walking), and the way a child learns.
As a result of many deaths of professional athletes through suicide as well as general concern for health, concussion awareness and testing is as high as it’s ever been. Precautions and tests are currently being set up in almost sports in the attempt to diminish the long term effects. Although the symptoms and exact recovery time are still unknown, doctors and researchers are sure that concussions and other forms of head impacts can have long term effects that can present serious issues throughout the rest of these individual’s lives. The risk of potential damage to the brain increases as the number of concussions increase. In the athletics, players deliver and absorb many hits to the head which a primary reason why rules and regulations at a levels of football, for example, are changing to try and decrease the number of concussions received by players and to make the game safer to those who play it. However these head injuries are not just restricted to athletics, roughly three million Americans have brain injuries every year, half of which are considered serious (Dekosky 2010). Also, many of our nation’s brave men and women suffer traumatic head injuries that take months, even years to fully recover from. Though the exact number of concussions in soldiers can be completely accurate, many army officials believe it to be around eighteen percent (Charles 2008).
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is are complex and always have large degrees of symptoms. Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) also are the cause of many different disabilities. Each person is different and in every brain injury are different, bringing a devastating change into their lives on the day of the occurrence of the brain injury. The occurrence of brain injuries are wide spread into a large spectrum of different causes and there are different degrees of TBI.
Imaging utilized to support a diagnosis of a brain injury includes Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Diffusion Tensor MRI (DTI). Brain CT is the test of choice for Emergency Department evaluation of brain injury including concussion. (15,16) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has an important role in the evaluation of patients with persistent post-traumatic sequelae. MRI is more sensitive in showing small areas of contusion or petechial hemorrhage, axonal injury, and small extra-axial hematomas. (15,16) Diffusion Tensor MRI (DTI) may be more
Over 1.7 million traumatic brain injuries are reported each year. According to reports the leading cause of brain injuries are from falls followed by motor vehicle accidents, and accidents that were a result of being struck by something. Falls account for 32.5% of traumatic brain injuries in the United States. 50% of all child brain injuries are from falling. 61 % of all traumatic brain injuries among adults are 65 years old or older. Traumatic brain injuries are very violent blows or jolts to the head or body that result in the penetration of the skull. Mild traumatic brain injuries can cause brief dysfunction of the brain cells. Serious brain injuries can cause bleeding, bruising, physical damage to other parts of the body and torn tissues. Brain injuries are more prevalent with males rather than females. Causes of brain injuries include:
Centers for Disease Control Injury Center May 30, 2007 Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/pub-res/tbi_in_us_04/tbi_ed.htm
Stocchetti, N., Pagan, F., Calappi, E., Canavesi, K., Beretta, L., Citerio, G., … Colombo, A., (2004). Inaccurate early assessment of neurological severity in head injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 21(9), 1131-1140. doi:10.1089/neu.2004.21.1131