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Freud's psychoanalytic theory Contribution to the field
Freud's psychoanalytic theory Contribution to the field
Summary of Freud's psychoanalytic theory
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During disastrous event there are often no escape from trauma either it may be physical or mental trauma. Disaster occurs in many ways and at times it can takes away from people the ability to cope. To which extent that this may occur depends on the mental process of each individual who experience trauma. Sigmund Freud explored these concepts by looking closely at the correlation between those who experiences trauma and to extent in which they are able to deal with the memories during post-traumatic event (Halpern, & Tramontin, 2007). Freud had some association in exploring the concept of trauma; either it may be on the specific focus of hysteria or dissociation in people as a result of disastrous events.
DMH worker has a meaningful history in making a difference for victims of disaster. In many ways they could be described as a safe haven. DMH professionals are necessary in helping in disastrous situations that causes trauma by offering support (Halpern, & Tramontin, 2007). There is variety of trauma that should be addressed immediately after a disaster has occurred. Many time people feel that by ignoring an event without necessary counseling or seeking help, is the best way to move on. This is not the case trauma must be addressed and DMH workers has a history of address anxiety that may be present in victims post-disaster. For instance, two of the most common types of trauma people experience are hysteria and disassociation. Both of which could be considered as a form of defense mechanism that causes people to cope post-traumatic events. DMH workers are there to supportively assist clients to explore or understand their reactions through techniques, so that the family/ individual that might be experiencing the loss can event...
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...s (Lamothe, 2001). Through this process people who has experience trauma should speak out, expressing themselves through language, communicating their feeling and their internal turmoil’s/ setbacks. The victims should speak about their trauma as way to face the truth. Often times, people find it hard to fully recognize the trauma that has gone on in their life causing a greater resistance to impact of the trauma. According to Lamothe (2001) the therapy process that is often provided to the victims of severe trauma involves evaluating, providing affirmation. In providing this to victims of trauma it gives them a secure environment to be able to express themselves to the counselors more freely. They need to know that what they feel is valid and that feelings such as restfulness, anger, hopelessness, guilt; should not engulf their life after a disaster has occurred.
Conner, Michael G. “Coping and Surviving Violent and Traumatic Events.” Crisis Counseling. 24 Aug 2011. Web.
Freud’s approach trauma is based in the treatment of hysteria. According to Ringel and Brandell, Freud and Breuer, considered an “external event” as responsible of determining hysterical symptoms. The common component between hysteria and trauma is the outcome of fright. Freud and Breuer emphasis the importance of cathartic experience as a way of decreasing or vanishing the effect. The “cathartic method” that was developed by Breuer, assisted to release of inhibited emotions. Freud believed that the libido, necessary to be relished for the symptoms to be improved (p. 43).
Trauma can impact someone’s life to where they can’t make connections with anyone. Even connecting with family it would be hard.Trauma changes the way they see the world and other people. In both Good Will Hunting and The Catcher in the Rye, Will and Holden go through traumatic events that change their lives. This makes them see everything negatively and impacts their ability to cope.
a Humanistic Approach to Trauma Intervention. Journal Of Humanistic Counseling, Education And Development, 46(2), 172.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, also known as PTSD, was recognized as a disorder with specific symptoms and was added to the Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 1980. However, prior to this acknowledgement, father of psychology, Sigmund Freud, had already developed a theory on it. Freud’s Seduction theory states: “both forgotten childhood trauma and a variety of adult stresses could cause neurosis”, such as we have seen in Euripides’s Medea; in which Medea acted irrationally after having gone through traumatic events. Whether it was Freud in the 1890s or Euripides in 430 BC the idea that PTSD is present in one’s daily live has always been a suggestion.
Trauma is spread through close relationships with trauma survivors. Those most at risk for developing secondary trauma are those who are witness the emotional retelling of the trauma, including family, friends, medical providers. This retelling may come in many forms such as: through speaking, writing, or drawing (Whitfield 59). One develops secondary
Trauma is an incident that leads to a great suffering of body or mind. It is a severe torture to the body and breaks the body’s natural equilibrium. It is defined as an emotional wound causing a psychological injury. American Psychological Association, defined trauma as an emotional response to a terrible event like an accident, rape or natural disaster. Immediately after the event, shock and denial are typical. Longer term reactions include unpredictable emotions, flashbacks and strained relationships. J. Laplanche and J. B. Pontalis assert, “Trauma is an event in the subject life defined by its intensity by the subject’s incapacity to respond adequately to it, and by the upheaval and long lasting effects that it brings about in the psychical organization” (qtd. by Hwangbo 1).
“Trauma is used when describing emotionally painful and distressing experiences or situations that can overwhelm a person’s ability to cope” (John A. Rich, Theodore Corbin, & Sandra Bloom, 2008). Trauma could include deaths, violence, verbal and nonverbal words and actions, discrimination, racism etc. Trauma could result in serious long-term effects on a person’s health, mental stability, and physical body. Judith Herman, from Trauma and Recovery, said “Traumatic events are extraordinary, not because they occur rarely, but rather because they overwhelm the ordinary human adaptations to life” (John A. Rich, Theodore Corbin, & Sandra Bloom, 2008). Trauma does not involve the same experiences for everyone; each individual is unique in that they, and only they, can decide what is traumatic for them.
The first article was a study done on the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 and the body handlers who sorted through rubble and human remains to find all the victims of the tragedy. Going through experiences like these will often lead to stress disorders, such as PTSD. This study tests that idea using 51 of the body handlers and a survey to see what they went through psychologically at the time of the event and how that relates to their mindset years later. It also set out to test the idea that age, gender, physical exposure to the bombing, knowing a victim, or having disaster experience would change the likelihood of acquiring an anxiety disorder. It was also predicted that using “positive coping strategies including humor, favorable organizational and managerial factors, social support, level of training and use of rituals” (Doughty et al, 2002) would help reduce the chances of a disorder.
The prevalence of trauma of all types is widespread throughout much of the world and includes trauma from accident, child abuse and neglect, domestic violence, political conflict, war, or other human struggles. The many faces of bullying, hatred, economic insecurity and oppression (racism, sexism) leave a steady stream of survivors carrying the burdens of fear, anxiety, rage, and physical illness.
Over many centuries, thousands of authors have written stories about and containing trauma. When it comes to trauma, authors often struggle in determining how to portray it to their reader. This is a common struggle for authors who write about tragic events because they are usually unsure of how their reader will react. Some events such as the fall of the Twin Towers, multiple wars, and the Holocaust are very hard to retell so it is very difficult to do so. But after traumatic events, such as physical or mental abuse or issues, that threaten to rob people of their happiness and spirit, people typically don’t tell others.
Trauma is a psychological reaction to sudden traumatic events and overwhelming issues from outside. Additionally, the exposure to activities that are outside the human’s normal experiences. Traumatic events become external and incorporate into the mind (Bloom, 1999, p. 2). Traumatization happens when the internal and external forces do not appropriately cope with the external threat. Furthermore, trauma causes problems because the client’s mind and body react in a different way and their response to social groups. The symptoms of trauma relate to irritability, intrusive thoughts, panic and anxiety, dissociation and trance-like states, and self-injurious behaviors (Bloom, 1999, p. 2). Childhood trauma happens when they live in fear for the lives of someone they love (Bloom, 1999, p. 2). Judith Herman’s trauma theory states that the idea of repressed memories relates to unconscious behavior. These repressed behaviors include those inhibited behaviors relate to memories of childhood abuse. From McNally’s point of view memories of trauma cannot be repressed especially those that are more violent (Suleiman, 2008, p. 279). In addition, one of the theories used to dealing with trauma includes the coping theory. With situations, people tend to use problem-solving and emotion-focused coping. Emotion-focused coping happens when people are dealing with stressors. When the stressors become more
Safety and Stabilization The effects of trauma reverberate through time and across a wide spectrum of life activities. Depending on the circumstances, these effects result in debilitating behaviors meant to alleviate anxiety that are often less than healthy and less than useful to that purpose. They may withdraw from life, use alcohol or drugs, or develop personality habits that are self-defeating. They may actually continue to place themselves in situations that are chaotic and anxiety provoking because they lack the skills and emotional stability to make better choices. They may show up on the doorstep of a therapist with every diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) other than PTSD.
In life, many things are taken for granted on a customary basis. For example, we wake up in the morning and routinely expect to see and hear from certain people. Most people live daily life with the unsighted notion that every important individual in their lives at the moment, will exist there tomorrow. However, in actuality, such is not the case. I too fell victim to the routine familiarity of expectation, until the day reality taught me otherwise.
Trauma Theory Traumatic events are external, however they quickly become incorporated into the mind. When the internal and external resources are unable to assist the person in coping traumatization occurs (Bloom, 1999) Stress is often used as a descriptor to define trauma, however, trauma differs from stress; because trauma is caused by severe stressors, whereas stress can be caused by minor stressors (Basham, 2011). Traumatization has been often denied or suppressed by the victims, as well as society; inability to understand the trauma has led an unclear understanding of trauma from micro, mezzo and macro-level (Basham, 2011).