Transformer Oil Quality/Oil Filtration

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Most substation transformer failures, excluding acts of man or nature, can often be traced to poor maintenance of the transformer or its related components. Catastrophic failure of a substation transformer can be prevented by accurately testing the condition of the oil on a yearly basis and by having a monthly visual inspection program in place. Most of the checks on a substation transformer are relatively simple: checks for oil leaks, oil level, temperature, the operation of the on-load tap-changer, etc. However, if the oil paper insulating system of the transformer is breaking down, it can only be detected by oil analysis. By testing the physical and chemical properties of transformer oil, a number of problem conditions can be identified before they lead to transformer failure.

The reason transformer oil care and filtering is such an important part of substation transformer maintenance is because of the makeup of most transformer insulation systems. Oil and cellulose paper insulation systems are organic compounds containing hydrogen, and gradual oxidation of these compounds allows for the formation of moisture. The byproducts of the process produce an increase in moisture levels and create an environment that overheats the transformer and further degrades the paper insulation, which in turn produces more byproducts. This cycle continues until the transformer fails. The two major contaminants that cause paper insulation and oil degradation are the presence of oxygen and/or water in the oil.

Oil

Transformer oil is organic and therefore oxidizes and decays; creating oxidation by-products which destroy the paper insulation. The aging of transformer oil is caused by the oxidation process of the oil; therefore, c...

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...ead to transformer failure. Most units pass the oil through multiple paper cartridges during this process with the oil passing through a .5-micron particle filter as the last stage before entering the transformer.

The main advantage of using a HORP unit is that the transformer can be serviced while it is still energized, saving the company the trouble and expense of de-energizing and doing without a valuable transformer that could be generating revenue.

Conclusion

Substation transformers are key pieces of equipment that depend on the quality of their oil in order to provide consistent service, as a Substation Technician, caring for the oil will be one of your jobs. This lesson does not attempt to detail all of the tests that can be performed on a substation transformer, but it should give you some idea of what is involved in oil care and filtering.

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