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Theories in organization and management
Management Theories
Different management theories
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Ghillyer (2011, p. 228) stated the importance of motivation is a factor that influences employee performance on the basis of their usage of their full abilities. Management professor Robert N. In this visualization, managers tend to put employee satisfaction as the basis of organizing strategies to improve employee motivation and compensation. This normally results to higher performance and less problems. Hence, following this issue as a base, more motivational theories have been introduced.
Firstly, a type of content theory that had been developed by Abraham Maslow is called the Hierarchy of Needs theory. This theory states the condition in which individuals are motivated as they are in need to satisfy their needs (Ghillyer 2011, p. 229). Physiological needs are the basis of this theory, which consists of basic needs such as food and thirst, sleep, clothing and shelter. Commonwealth Bank pays competitive salaries and superannuation for staffs which will be sufficient to fulfill the needs. Through BuyRight, general needs can be purchased in discounted price due to the business
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This theory is applied from the law of effect in which assumes that while there is a tendency of repetition of behaviour followed by pleasant consequences, there is none for unpleasant consequences (Ghillyer 2011, p. 236). There are four different types of reinforcement methods. While avoidance or negative reinforcement assumes employee to avoid negative consequences, punishment tends to reprimand verbally towards undesired behaviour (Lussier 2008, p. 334). However, Commonwealth does not display these methods in their employee management. This might be due to their huge beliefs in positive reinforcement in contrast to negative reinforcement. The corporation believes that recognizing employee performance will be able to produce an advanced and a well-sustained rewards program (CBA,
The reinforcement theory was of interest for a consideration as a tool in my current work environment and possibly be utilized as intervention of controlling the behaviors of employees. Since, I have observed the negative behavior of employees displayed due to varies unjust reasons that demotivate them to perform at an optimal level. Therefore, I believe implementing positive reinforcement to rebuild trust and to motivate employees by acknowledging a job well done, reward programs, and providing challenging task would encourage them and give them something to strive for to be higher achievers. In addition, all things mention and utilizing the reinforcement theory can reinforce the desired behavior in the workplace. Furthermore, I think that
Theories of Motivation What is the motivation for this? According to the text, motivation is defined as a set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward a certain goal. Motivation is the energy that makes us do things; this is a result of our individual needs being satisfied so that we have inspiration to complete the mission. These needs vary from person to person as everybody has their individual needs to motivate themselves.
In the situation of being a teacher I would give students specific reinforcements to achieve the desired results. A positive reinforcement would be students who receive perfect scores on the first four exams receive extra points on their final exam. The addition of extra points is a pleasant stimulus and the perfect scores on their first four exams would be the targeted behaviors. A negative reinforcement would be students who do not talk during lectures do not receive deadlines on certain assignments. In this reinforcement, the removal of certain deadlines on assignments would be the unpleasant stimulus and no talking during lectures would be the targeted behavior. A positive punishment would be students who fail to submit an assignment have to do two extra assignments to receive full credit. The addition of the two extra assignments is the unpleasant stimulus and the unwanted behavior in the scenario would be failure to submit an assignment. A negative punishment would be students who do not have a writing utensil on exam day are not allowed to retake the exam. The pleasant stimulus I would be removing would be the ability to retake an exam and not having a writing utensil the day of an exam is the unwanted behavior. (Chapter 5,
Pardee, R. L. (1990). Motivation Theories of Maslow, Herzberg, McGregor & McClelland. A Literature Review of Selected Theories Dealing with Job Satisfaction and Motivation.
It expresses that person's conduct is an element of its results. It is based on "law of impact", i.e., person's behavior with constructive results has a tendency to be repeated yet person's behavior with adverse outcomes tends not to be repeated. Reinforcement theory of motivation neglects the inner condition of individual, i.e., the inner sentiments and drives of people are disregarded by Skinner. This theory centers absolutely around the end result for a person when he takes some action. In this manner, as indicated by Skinner, the external environment of the organization must be composed adequately and emphatically to motivate the worker.
Research has shown that motivation in an employee is an important factor which determines his performance. Motivation is the “driving force within individuals” (Mullins, 2007, p. 285). It is the concerned with finding out the reasons which shape and direct the behaviour of the individuals. The people act to achieve something so that they can satisfy some needs (Gitman and Daniel, 2008). It is important for the manager to understand this motivation of individual employees in order to inspire them and devise an appropriate set of incentives and rewards which would satisfy the needs that they have individually (Kerr, 2003). Once these needs are expected to be met in return for some specific behaviour or action, they would work more diligently to have that behaviour in them and to achieve that objective (Meyer and Hersovitch, 2001). Since it would lead to early and fuller achievement of the company objectives as the individual would work more diligently, it would lead to better organizational performance (Wiley, 1997).
One reason that the reward/punishment model does not always explain human behavior well is that one person’s reward may be another person’s punishment. “Expectancy theory gives us a partial answer to this question in that it suggests that people are motivated to do things that they expect they can do and when they can expect to receive a reward that they value, but are not motivated if they do not value the reward.” (Clawson 8) So in other words, employees will be motivated to perform their best if they think it will receive reward like a bonus, salary increase, or promotion. (Robbins 224) Managers should not be managing people but rather the inputs and outputs to people, making sure that the desirable outputs were being rewarded and the undesirable outputs were being ignored or punished.
Employee motivation has always been a central problem in the workplace, and, as an individual in a supervisory position, it becomes one’s duty to understand and institute systems that ensure the proper motivation of your subordinates. Proper motivation of employees can ensure high productivity and successful workflow, while low worker motivation can result in absenteeism, decreased productivity rates, and turnover. A large body of research has been produced regarding motivation, and much of this research is applicable to the workplace. Due to the nature of man, motivation varies from individual to individual, and, because of this, there is no one system that is the best for ensuring worker motivation in every organizational situation, and, as a product, many theories have been created to outline what drives people to satisfactorily complete their work tasks. Throughout the course of this document, the three main types of these motivational theories will be outlined and examples of each, as well as how these theories can be used to further strengthen and sustain worker motivation....
Motivation is the process of getting someone to act on a particular situation. According to (Adelhardt, S, K. 2015, December 2) lack of motivation in the workplace is the most problematic subject for all managers, because it leads to decreasing productivity, performance and yet it increases the chances of employee resignation. Many employers suppose that managers these days are struggling to motivate their employees due to lack of significantly vital experience as well as knowledge in the employee engagement developing process. One of the successful strategies that managers can use to increase employee inspiration is by offering an attractive remuneration and benefits to their employees. Remuneration and benefits such as an extrinsic bonus
In daily life, we need motivation to improve our performance in our job or in studies. Motivation is an internal force, dependent on the needs that drive a person to achieve. In the other words, motivation is a consequence of expectations of the future while satisfaction is a consequence of past events (Carr, 2005). We need to give reward to our self when we did correctly or we has achieve our target. Reward is something that we are given because we have behaved well, worked hard, or provided a service to the community. Theories of motivation can be used to explain the behavior and attitude of employees (Rowley, 1996; Weaver, 1998). The theories include content theories, based on assumptions that people have individual needs, which motivate their action. Meanwhile according to Robbins (2001), motivation is a needs-satisfying process, which means that when a person's needs are satisfied by certain factors, the person will exert superior effort toward attaining organizational goals. Schulze and Steyn (2003) affirmed that in order to understand people’s behavior at work, managers or supervisors must be aware of the concept of needs or motives which will help “move” their employees to act.Theories such as Maslow (1954), McClelland (1961), Herzberg (1966) and Alderfer (1969) are renowned for their works in this field. The intrinsic reward or also be known as motivators factors is the part of Herzberg motivation theory. Motivators are involve factors built into the job or the studies itself such as achievement, recognition, responsibility and advancement. Hygiene factors are extrinsic to the job such as interpersonal relationship, salary, supervision and company policy (Herzberg, 1966. There have two factors that are called hygiene fac...
Motivation is the force that transforms and uplifts people to be productive and perform in their jobs. Maximizing employee’s motivation is a necessary and vital to successfully accomplish the organization’s targets and objectives. However, this is a considerable challenge to any organizations managers, due to the complexity of motivation and the fact that, there is no ready made solution or an answer to what motivates people to work well (Mullins,2002).
Why do we work? For most of us, it’s because we have to or for the money. There are a lot of people out there who goes into work that they don’t want to do and we are familiar with volunteers who work harder and done their jobs better than a paid staff. Having a better understanding of what motivates employees in the work place will help most organizations get the most out of the workers who work for them.
Motivation, as defined in class, is the energy and commitment a person is prepared to dedicate to a task. In most of organisations, motivation is one of the most troublesome problems. Motivation is about the intensity, direction and persistence of reaching a goal. During the class, we have learned a substantial theories of motivation and many theories of motivations are used in real business. Each theory seems to have different basic values. But, they all have been analysed for one reason, recognising what motivates and increases the performance of employees. Ident...
Twyla Dell (1988) gave a definiton to employee motivation, as he stated, the bottom line of motivation is to offer employees what they really want. The more requirements of employees are satisfied, the more rewards ( productivity, quality and service)...
Job satisfaction represents one of the most complex areas facing today’s managers when it comes to managing their employees. Many studies have demonstrated an unusually large impact on the job satisfaction on the motivation of workers, while the level of motivation has an impact on productivity, and hence also on performance of business organizations. There is a considerable impact of the employees’ perceptions for the nature of his work and the level of overall job satisfaction. Financial compensation